Living Environment Essay

* every last(predicate) lifespan things must maintain homeostasis in gild to stay alive. * Homeostasis A balanced state in an organisms body. * Failure to maintain homeostasis results in disease or death. * Homeostasis is often maintained using feedback mechanisms. * Feedback mechanisms atomic number 18 cycles in which the product of one reaction amazes a nonher(prenominal) to start or stop. * While organisms argon balanced, they atomic number 18 non unchanging. The line used to describe the balanced state is dynamic equilibrium. * Dynamic residue A balanced state created by many sm completely, opposing deviates.* brio Processes All living things carry prohibited the same underlying chemical substance nubble processes. Taken together, these processes put to work up an organisms metabolism. * Metabolism All the chemical processes that take place in an organism. * Nutrition Using nutrients for growth, synthesis, resuscitate and cleverness. * Respiration Converts comp etency in food into ausable form (ATP). * Synthesis Making complex chemicals from unprejudiced substances. * Transport Absorbing and distri plainlying materials finishedout the body. * Regulation The control and coordination of bread and merelyter processes. * Excretion Removing of thieves produced by metabolic activities. * replica Passes on genes to offspring.* In ingrained Chemicals Simple compounds* Water ( H2O) Most common substance in all living things (about 60% of body mass) * Needed for chemical reactions ( which wont happen in dry conditions) * Dissolves other pinchs into solution, allowing them to be transferenceed through the body.* Oxygen (O2) Needed by some ( non all) organisms for cellular airing. * Released by plants and algae as a waste product of photosynthesis. * Aerobic ventilation system Process that uses atomic number 8 to extract energy from glucose (sugar). Used by most organisms. * An oxidative respiration Process that extracts energy from gluco se without using oxygen. Gives less energy, so only used by some simple organisms (some bacteria, yeast). These organisms do not read to breathe in oxygen.* light speed Dioxide (CO2)* With water, used by plants to steel glucose (photosynthesis).* bungle product of aerobic respiration.* Nitrogen (N2)* Most common hired gun in air (70%)* Needed to make protein.* Converted into nitrates by nation bacteria. Nitrates ar absorbed by plants and then eaten by animals. * Excreted as waste in urine.* Acids and Bases* Measured by the pH scale* pH apprise affect rates of chemical reactions for example, digestive enzymes work fastest in acidic environments, which is why we make stomach acid (hydrochloric acid, or HCl).* thorough Compounds Larger, more complex chemicals. Always contain the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Synthesized from simpler substances (building blocks). * Carbohydrates Sugars and starches* mental synthesis blocks Simple sugars* Functions* A starch (A) is brok en down by an enzyme (B) into 2 simple sugars (C, D). This is also a good example of the lock and refer model. A starch (A) is broken down by an enzyme (B) into two simple sugars (C, D). This is also a good example of the lock and key model. Provides energy* Stores energy in plants (starch)* Lipids Fats, oils and waxes* Functions* Stores energy (animal fat)* Insulation* Water proofing* cellphone membrane* Proteins Complex compounds that carry out all the bodys activities. * create blocks Amino acids* Have many unlike functions as determined by their set. * Lock and Key Model Proteins must do the right shape to fit with other molecules. * Changing the shape of a protein will change what it can interact with its function. * Important types of proteins* Hormones and neurotransmitters carry messages through the body. * Cell receptors in cell membrane receive hormones and neurotransmitters. * Antibodies attack foreign pathogens* Enzymes- act as catalysts, controlling all chemic al reactions in the body. * High temperatures will cause enzymes to denature (lose their shape) and stop functioning. This is why high fevers are dangerous.* Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Make up genes and chromosomes. * Building blocks Nucleotides molecular bases (ATCGU)Topic Two The CellI. Definition The basic unit of structure and function in all living things.II. Cell Theory has three parts1. All living things are make of one or more cells. * Unicellular single celled organisms (amoeba, paramecium) * Multicellular have more than 1 cell may be only a few cells, or many trillions of cells. Almost all structures in multicelled organisms are made of or by cells. 2. Cells carry out all life processes.* Everything you do is the result of the work of your cells walking, talking, even thinking and feeling. When you get sick, it is because your cells are not working correctly.3. All cells come from preexisting cells.This seems obvious now, but at one time people believed in spontaneou s generation, the opinion that living things regularly emerged from nonliving things.A) Exceptions to the Cell Theory4. Viruses are not made of cells. However, they also do not carry out all life processes so many biologists do not consider them legitimate living things. 5. The first cell obviously could not come from another(prenominal) cell.III. OrganizationB) AtomsC) MoleculesD) Organelles Cell structuresE) CellsF) Tissues Cells with the same structure and function. G) Organs Made of different tissues working together for the same function. H) Organ Systems Groups of organs that work together. I) organismIV. Cell Organelles These are the tiny cell parts that make up a cell. 6. Nucleus* Controls the cell* Contains hereditary material (chromosomes, genes, DNA) 7. Cytoplasm (technically not an organelle)* Fluid/liquid in the cell mostly water* Helps transport material8. Mitochondrion* Carries out cellular respiration.* Gives cell energy (Powerhouse of the cell).9. Ribosome* M akes proteins from amino group acids.10. Vacuole* Stores food, water and waste* Food vacuoles may digest large molecules.* Waste vacuoles may excrete waste out the cell membrane 11. Chloroplast* Carries out photosynthesis* lay and algae cells only12. Cell Wall* Gives shape, structure and protection.* neer found in animal cells.13. Cell Membrane* Separates cell inside(prenominal) from environment* Controls what enters and leaves the cell using transport proteins.* Has receptor molecules that pick up signals fromother cells. * Has antigens which are protein tags that identify the cell (see immune system).Topic ternary Nutrition, Photosynthesis and RespirationReminder All life processes are chemical activities which make up your metabolism.* Nutrition Taking in nutrients (food) for various activities including* growth* heal* synthesis* respiration (energy)A) Ingestion To take nutrients into the body.B) Digestion To break down nutrients into little pieces. 1. Nutrients must be bro ken down into smaller parts so that they can be absorbed into the blood and cells of organisms. * Starches are digested into simple sugars.* Proteins are digested into amino acids.C) Autotrophic Nutrition Organisms take inorganic materials (CO2, H2O) and convert them into organic nutrients (carbohydrates). 2. Auto = self troph = food so Autotroph = self feeding 3. Photosynthesis is most common form of autotrophic nutrition 4. Plants, algae and chromatic bacteria (cyanobacteria) are common autotrophs.D) Heterotrophic Nutrition Organisms must expel nutrients from other organisms. 5. Hetero = other so Heterotroph = feeds on others. 6. All animals and fungi are heterotrophs.7. Includes* Carnivores chuck mostly animals* Herbivores eats mostly plants or algae* Omnivores eats both plants and animals* Decomposers breaks down dead matter and waste* Decomposers are all-important(prenominal) for recycling nutrients *I. Photosynthesis Process in which suns energy is trap in the chemical b onds of sugar. E) Requires sunlight, water and CO2.F) Makes glucose (C6H12O6) as food.G) Water and oxygen are waste products.H) Benefits8. Provides food for all plants, animals and other organisms. 9. Provides oxygen to breathe.10. Removes CO2 from atmosphere.I) Plant adaptations11. Chloroplast Cell organelle that does photosynthesis12. Gas exchange* Stomata Pores under a foliation let gases in and out * Guard cells open and close stomata to disallow dehydration13. Transport* Xylem and Phloem tubes transport food and water throughout the plant.Two different views of the stomates and their guard cells (X).Two different views of the stomates and their guard cells (X).II. cellular Respiration Process that takes energy from sugar molecules and places it in molecules of ATP. J) ATP is the molecule all life uses for energy.* No organism can get energy from sunlight or sugar without first putting the energy into ATP. K) Requires oxygen, glucose and water.L) Carbon dioxide and water are w aste products.M) Most organisms carry out aerobic respiration (uses oxygen) in their mitochondria. N) Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, but gives less ATP (energy) for each molecule of sugar. * When exercise causes human muscles to cannonball along out of oxygen, their cells will do anaerobic respiration. The waste product, lactic acid, causes muscles to flip ones lid so that you will stop.O) Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are opposite reactions They are also important in cycling oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and water through the environmentP) Common mistakes* Plants use photosynthesis, animals use respiration. All organisms, including plants, use respiration to get their energy.* Respiration is breathing.Breathing is not respiration. Breathing exchanges the gases needed for respiration. Inhaling and exhaling does not give you ATP.* Oxygen is used to breathe.This is backwards. Breathing is used to get oxygen which is used for respiration. Without oxygen, you hav e no respiration, no ATP, and no energy. * All living things need oxygen/need to breathe. Anaerobic organisms do not need oxygen, and do not have to breathe.