Essay --

1. The SEC issued SAB No. 101, which provides guidance on recognizing, presenting and disclosing receipts in financial statements. SAB No. 101 is based on the principle that in companies financial reporting, tax tax income should not be recognized until it is realized or realizable and earned. Before revenue is recognized, the following criteria and conditions must be satisfied notes that GAAP requires the following conditions to be satisfied1)Persuasive evidence of an arrangement must exist 2)Delivery must have occurred or go been rendered3)The sellers price to the buyer must be fixed or determinable4)The collectability should be reasonably assured. 2. Longeta recorded $5.8 million in revenue for the year ended September 30, 2009 out of the actual shipment of software product. The shipment of the software product to Magicon was made prior to the year-end, so Longeta treated the revenue associated with the sale of software as a legitimate sale on the income statement. On the oth er hand, Longeta recorded the remaining $1.2 million as deferred revenue presumptuousness that Longeta was liable to provide software support services in the future periods. Since the delivery of support services had not occurred, Longeta recorded the portion of the contract related to support services as deferred revenues. For the support services to be provided over the next 12 months, Longeta would record the present deferred revenue as a current indebtedness on the balance sheet. If there were a commitment to provide services after 12 months, Longeta would record deferred revenues as a long-term liability on the balance sheet. 3. The separate letter issued by the vice president of sales exhibited that neither Longeta nor Magicon had agreed to the term... ... transaction with Magicon has violated GAAP related to revenue recognition. The reasons are listed as below1)There was no evidence showing that an arrangement existed. Neither Longeta nor Magicon had reached agreement on th e terms and conditions of the sale.2)There was no version that the earnings process was complete or nearly complete. The separate agreement gave Magicon the right to cancel the order and relevant obligations. It could be inferred that no exchange of assets has interpreted place, since Magicon did not make any commitment to provide Longeta with anything. 3)Magicon was given the right to cancel its payments to Longta if no terms could be reached, which meant that no collection would be generated.In sum, neither the recording of the $5.8 million in revenue nor the $1.2 million in deferred revenue was in accordance with the principles of GAAP.

Pet Sitting Service Essay -- essays research papers

Marketing Summary PlanWAGS TO WHISKERS PET SITTING SERVICEEXECUTIVE SUMMARYA run such as Wags to Whiskers Pet Sitting expediency is very important to people who own animals. Pets are not merely animals to many people, merely considered children. Knowing that a fondle is being cared for in their own environment is a much sought after relief for many people. Wags to Whiskers bid a variety of services for an owner when it comes to caring for the pet while a person is away from the home. Items such as feed and watering, walking or exercise, and grooming are just a few of the services available. Cost for services will range from $5 to $35 depending upon the service and time instal needed to complete the service. The services can be used on a daily basis or for an extended amount of time when a person is out of town. Concentration on professionals and senior citizens will be the target audience to begin the Wags to Whiskers Pet Sitting Service. The area of tightfistedness will incl ude the three counties of Northern Kentucky, Boone, Kenton, and Campbell.Because owners feel guilty for leaving their pets alone for long periods, pet academic term services is one of the fastest ontogenesis product linees. If Wags to Whiskers has the perseverance, the opportunities are there for the making in the pet sitting business. This can be accomplished through multiple avenues of advertising, such as newspapers, veterinary surgeon offices, etc.Goals for Wags to Whiskers will consist of making $25,000 in the first year of business and growing in additional clientele, staff, and revenue over the following(a) three years. PRODUCT DEFINITIONWags to Whiskers Pet Sitting Services offer clients who are busy working long hours away from home a much-needed peace of mind. It is important to the client to know the animal is well taken care of during their absence. Regardless of the type of pet Wags to Whiskers Pet Sitting Service offer feeding, watering, exercise and/or play, admin ister of medication, transportation to the vet, massages, and will make air travel arrangements for pets. According to Mary Jean Ballner who spoke at the NAPPS yearbook conference in January, 2005, Benefits (from massages) are the same as for humans (increases blood flow, releases endorphins, soothes) Benefits pet sitters by (accelerates bonding with all animals, aids with difficult pets, relaxes scared animals). some other services offered... ... NAPPS to care for exotic animals5.Quarterly newsletter to clients and others to keep customers informed about services and productsCONTROLSMonitoring Wags to Whiskers marketing plan will be an ongoing task. Advertisement will be important to track to determine who is providing the most new customers to Wags to Whiskers. Advertisements placed in the local newspapers should be checked every quarter to see if they are paying for themselves. If not, it will be necessary to find other avenues of advertising, such as pet magazines and the web sites for the top three pet sitting organizations in the United States.If most of the new business is coming to Wags to Whiskers by word-of-mouth from current clients, it will be important to find a way to show appreciation, such as a free service for every new client received. Service fees could be a concern if business in the first six months is not on target to meet the first year revenue of $25,000. Improvement in this area may look at looking at costs incurred compared to revenue coming in. Changes such as driving routes, time spent in traffic and time spent with pet must be reviewed for better efficiency.

The Great Potato Famine :: Essays Papers

The Great Potato shortfall The Great Potato Famine was a huge disaster that would change Ireland forever. The mountain in Ireland were extremely dependent on potatoes and when the blight came the economy went down. When the fungus attacked the potato crops slowly crop by crop throughout Ireland, people began to lose their main source of food. With the people in Irelands huge dependency on the potato, people began to starve or get sick from the potatoes. No cardinal had any food to eat. The potatoes were black inside with molds through out it that came from the fungus from something in nature. The weather that brought the blight also was one of the causes because they could not control how the weather was bringing the fungus. Ireland was under the British government and did not help Ireland when they needed Britain. The aftermath of the Great Famine was not notwithstanding a huge drop in population, but emigration, and much more. The potato famine killed m any people. The famine brought starvation and disease which claimed 1 million lives (Jackson 69). The last toll from the Great Famine took a good portion of the Irish population and left a landmark as being one of the about costly disasters of modern times. Additionally, over 50,000 people died of diseases typhus, scurvy, dysentery Within a decade, the population of Ireland plummeted from over eight million to less than six million (Irish Potato). Either the people that died during the famine were forgotten about from the surviving relatives, or there were no remaining survivors in a household there for, no was there to deal it (Mokyr and O Grada 343). Sadly, death was one only of the effects of the Great Potato Famine. Another thing that was an effect of the Great Famine was emigration. Many people move to different countries, mostly America, to find new land and get away from the horrible famine. Soon the government passed the Poor Law Extension Act of 1847, which was canonical to refuse any farmer help with over a quarter acre of land. This Act influenced emigration, increased land clearance, and the structure of rural society slowly decreased.

The Charater of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird :: Kill Mockingbird essays

The Charater of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird     During the premier(prenominal) half of To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee constructs a sweet and affectionate portrait of rowing up in the world of small township Alabama. Harper Lee, however, continues on to dig underneath the portrayal of small town courtesy in the second half of the book. None of the characters in the book ar perfect. This begins to show through in the second half of the book when the facade is removed to reveal the ugliness of Maycomb and the people living there. Through these tough time though, one character manages to keep his cool. Atticus Finch, through all the struggles and pressure, stands strong as a very positive father figure, making sure to instil in his children three very specific values education, bravery, and acceptance.     At the beginning of the book it becomes clear why Atticus thinks education is so important, as he and Scout read before bed each night. During his closing arguments in Tom Robinsons case Atticus clearly acknowledges the ignorance blinding peoples minds and hearts the witnesses for the state...have presented themselves to you gentlemen...in the cynical boldness that their testimony would not be doubted, confident that you gentlemen would go along with them on the...evil assumption...that all Negroes are basically immoral beings, that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women, and assumption one associates with minds of their caliber (217). Education is the key to unlocking the ignorance that causes such prejudice. Because of Atticus example Jem begins to this lesson toward the end of the book, when he wonders if family education could be based more on education than on bloodiness.     Jem also learns important lessons from his father regarding bravery. Early in the book we learn that Atticus does not admire of guns. He believes that guns do not make men brave and that childrens fas cination with guns is questionable. To prove his point, he sends Jem to read for Mrs. Dubose who struggles to beat her morphine addiction before she dies. He wants to show is son that one shows true bravery when you know youre licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what (121).

The End to Slavery in the Caribbean Essay -- Slavery Slave Racial Essa

The End to Slavery in the Caribbean The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was the first successful hard worker revoltin the Caribbean, and it was one of the most important events in the history ofthe Americas. Along with the obvious human rights benefits that the HaitianRevolution achieved, there were some solid setbacks for the nation as well. Between 1783 and 1789, Saint Domingue was the foremost sugar producer inthe region, plainly by the end of the war the economy was completely destroyed,and to this twenty-four hours Haiti has not come anywhere close to reattaining its onceprominent economic status in the Caribbean. The results of the revolutionsent fear through the European instinct as well as strengthened thegrowing idea that buckle downry may be an immoral practice. In the UnitedKingdom, slaveholding lost popularity right away and an antislavery movement wasinitiated. After May 1807, no British ship was permitted to leave with a cargoof slaves, and by March 1808, it was made illegal for a slave to be landed inany British colony. The law became even stricter in 1811 when the traffickingof slaves was made into a felony. Despite the attempts to end the slavetrade, plantation slavery continued in the British Caribbean. Slavery was notofficially abolished in the Caribbean until 1834. The termination bill whichabolished it called for twelve years of apprenticeship for the ex-slaves,which was not very different from slavery. This form was abolished in 1838. During and after all of this vacillating lawmaking, a serious laborproblem developed in the Caribbean. The key to the production of theCaribbeans produce, mainly sugar, was the carcass of slavery. Slaverypractically eliminated labor costs, and all... ...s felt as though theywere being undercut by this new type of cheap labor. The blacks resentedthat their slavery had come to an end, but in order to compete with the newlabor force, slave-like conditions were once again the only option. Thecool ies in Jamaica, as well as the Asians on the other islands began theirjourneys as outsiders living in terrible conditions. Today, a sort of blend has taken rank in these cultures. A goodexample of the blending that has taken place can be seen in the music of theregion. In rural Trinidad there is a popular form of music that mixes classicalIndian singing with a soca beat. Soca is a music that combines the insistenttempos of calypso with the energy of hip hop and the quatrain-like structuresof traditional north Indian folk songs. Tinker, Hugh. A New System of Slavery. Oxford University Press, 1974.

The End to Slavery in the Caribbean Essay -- Slavery Slave Racial Essa

The End to thrall in the Caribbean The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was the first successful slave revoltin the Caribbean, and it was one of the close downly important events in the history ofthe Americas. Along with the obvious human rights benefits that the HaitianRevolution achieved, there were some serious setbacks for the nation as well. Between 1783 and 1789, holy man Domingue was the foremost sugar producer inthe region, but by the end of the war the economy was completely destroyed,and to this day Haiti has not come whateverwhere close to reattaining its onceprominent economic status in the Caribbean. The results of the revolutionsent fear through the European consciousness as well as strengthen thegrowing idea that slavery may be an immoral practice. In the UnitedKingdom, slavery lost popularity quickly and an antislavery movement wasinitiated. After May 1807, no British ship was permitted to leave with a cargoof slaves, and by March 1808, it was made illegal fo r a slave to be landed inany British colony. The law became even stricter in 1811 when the traffickingof slaves was made into a felony. Despite the attempts to end the slavetrade, plantation slavery continued in the British Caribbean. Slavery was notofficially abolished in the Caribbean until 1834. The termination bill whichabolished it called for twelve years of apprenticeship for the ex-slaves,which was not very different from slavery. This system was abolished in 1838. During and after all of this oscillate lawmaking, a serious laborproblem developed in the Caribbean. The key to the production of theCaribbeans produce, mainly sugar, was the system of slavery. Slaverypractically eliminated labor costs, and all... ...s felt as though theywere being undercut by this pertly type of cheap labor. The blacks resentedthat their slavery had come to an end, but in order to compete with the newlabor force, slave-like conditions were once again the only option. Thecoolies in Jamaica, as well as the Asians on the other islands began theirjourneys as outsiders living in terrible conditions. Today, a sort of blend has taken place in these cultures. A goodexample of the blending that has taken place can be seen in the medical specialty of theregion. In rural Trinidad there is a popular form of music that mixes classicalIndian singing with a soca beat. Soca is a music that combines the insistenttempos of calypso with the energy of hip hop and the quatrain-like structuresof traditional north Indian folk songs. Tinker, Hugh. A New System of Slavery. Oxford University Press, 1974.

Assignment-I International Business

ALLIANCE BUSINESS SCHOOL SUBJECT- GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ASSIGNMENT no -1 DATE 02/03/11 SUBMITTED TO Prof. M V NARASIMHAN SUBMITTED BY Akshay Shah Answer 1 IMPACT OF POLITICAL TURMOIL IN EGYPT ON GLOBAL BUSINESS policy-making turbulence in Egypt in casting a poll on ground financial markets driving up the prices of crude oil & food and creating bran-new risks for the shaky world economy in the months ahead. Following are the impacts of policy-making turmoil in Egypt on spheric business Oil prices reached last hebdomad their nobleest 110 dollar per barrel of raw oil since 2008 & investors sold off both stocks and bonds of many developing nations, particularly in the middle east. The turbulence on financial markets shows how political upheaval in one place- first Tunisia, now Egypt- can set off hard to predict reverberations around the world, possibly undermining the global economic recoery. Investors are intimately concerned that other Muslim nations, particularly those of autocratic leadership & vast oil reserves, will soon see their impression regimes threatened as well. International organizations also trying to monitor more urgent concerns, whats going on in Egypt has again reminded world that the world economy is not out of the woods & that things we do not anticipate can have a significant negative effect on world(prenominal) markets & risk senti handst. Because of political & business instability in Egypt- lead with the problems with foreign receipts & currency. Economist & Investors all around the world have fear that political developments could disrupt oil exports from Saudi Arabia or other oil reserved nations. The greatest threat for global economy- absent a spread of popular freak out to other nations in the middle east or beyond is the disruption of shopping through the Suez Canal. In forthcoming days, it will be challenge for regimen to keep the political stability in Egypt, for smooth business functioning throughout the world & controlling oil prices which are on their peak. Answer 2 IMPORTANCE OF PROPERTY RIGHTS IN GLOBAL BUSINESS ECONOMY In a legal sense, term holding refers to a resource over which an private or business holds a legal title that is a resource that it owns.Resource include land, building, equipment, capital, minerals rights, business and intellectual property. Property Rights refer to the bundle of legal rights over the use to which a resource is put and over the use made of any income that may be derived from that resource. Property Rights are important in the global business economy because The philosophy behind protecting property rights in the global business economy, as it is reward to the originator of a new invention, books, melodic record, clothes design, restaurant chain and the like for his or her idea & effort.Such property rights are very important stimulus to innovation and creative work. They provide An motivator for people to search for novel way s of doing things and they reward creativity. e. g. Consider an innovation in automobile industry say a use of non conventional open fire to be used in all kinds of vehicles with maximum efficiency and low cost of fuel. This gives automobile firms an incentive to undertake the expensive, difficult and time consuming canonic research required to generate new fuel. (It can cost $800 million in R & D and take 10 years to set a new fuel in the market) Also economic evidences suggests that high levels of corruption i. e. theft of property rights significantly reduce the foreign direct investment, level of international trade, & economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits corrupts politicians & bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment and hence reduce the incentive of both domestic and foreign businesses to invest in that country. Because of all the above reasons explained it is important to protect property rights to benefit innovator, consumers and to pro mote healthy competition.The protection of intellectual property rights differ greatly from country to country. While Many countries have straight intellectual property regulations on their books. Now, 188 countries are members of the World Intellectual Property fundamental law, all of whom have signed international treaties designed to protect intellectual property. Answer 3 CULTURE AT WORK PLACE BY GEERT HOEFSTEDE Of immense importance for an international business with operations in different countries is a how a societys culture affects the values tack together in the workplace.Probably the most famous study of how culture relates to values in the workplace was undertaken by Geert Hoefstede. As a part of his ob as a psychologist working for IBM, Hoefstede salt away data on employee attitudes and values for more than 1,00,000 individuals from 1967 to 1973. This data enabled him to compare belongingss of culture across 40 countries Hoefstede isolated into 4 dimensions Hoefsted es Power Distance dimension focussed on how a society deals with the fact That people are unequal in physical & intellectual capabilities.According to Hoefstede, high military group distance cultures were found in countries that let inequalities grow over time into inequalities of power & wealth. The Individualism versus Collectivism dimension focussed on the relationship between The individual and his or her fellows. Individualistic societies, the ties between individuals were loose and individual achievement and freedom were highly valued. In societies where collectivism was emphasized the ties between individuals were tight. Hoefstedes Uncertainty Avoidance place measured the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations & forecasting uncertainty. Members of high uncertainty avoidance cultures placed a premium on bloodline security, career patterns, retirement benefits and so on. Lower uncertainty avoidance cultures were chara cterized by a greater readiness to take risks & less emotional resistance to change. Hoefstedes Masculinity versus Feminity dimensions looked at the relationship between gender & work roles.In masculine cultures, sex roles were sharply differentiated and traditional Masculine Values, such as achievement & effective exercise of power, determined culture ideals. In Feminine cultures sex roles are sharply distinguished, the little differentiation was made between men & women in the same job. Hoefstede created on index score for each of these 4 dimensions that ranged from 0 to 100 And scored high individualism, high power distance, high uncertainty avoidance, & high Masculinity. He averaged the score for all employees from a given country . g. Power distance 1) Britain 2) Canada 3) US 4) India 5) Indonesia 6) Mexico 35 39 40 77 78 81 Uncertainty 35 48 46 40 48 82 Individualism Masculinity 89 80 91 48 14 30 From the above table it shows, western nations such as US, Canada, Britain scor es High on the individualism scale & low on the power distance scale. At the other extreme are a group of Latin America (Mexico) and Asia (India, Indonesia) that emphasize collectivism over individualism and score high on their power distance scale. 66 52 62 56 46 69

Realities on Teen Pregnancy in America

Although the ordain of immature pregnancy in the united States has declined greatly within the prehistorical a couple of(prenominal) years, it is still an enormous problem that inevitably to be addressed. These marks argon still mel put down in the 1990s than they were only a decade ago. The United States juvenile receiverate exceeds that of most other industrialized nations, even though Ameri can buoy teenagers ar no more sexually active than teenagers are in Canada or Europe. Recent statistics concerning the teen birthrates are alarming. Ab forbidden 560,000 teenage girls give birth each year.Almost one-sixth of all births in the United States are to eenage women are to teenage women. Eight in ten of these births resulted from unintended pregnancies. (Gormly 347) By the age of eighteen, one out of four teenage girls will halt get down pregnant. (Newman 679) Although the onset of pregnancy may occur in any teenager, some teens are at higher risk for unplanned pregnanc y than others. teenagers who pass away sexually active at an earlier age are at a greater risk primarily beca economic consumption teenage teenagers are less presumable to use birthcontrol.African-American and Hispanic teenagers are twice as desirely to give birth as are white teenagers. Whites are more likely to stick out abortions. Teenagers who come from poor neighborhoods and attend segregated schools are at a high risk for pregnancy. Also, teenagers who are doing poorly in school and engender few plans for the future are more likely to become rises than those who are doing closely and have high educationsl and occupational expectations.Although the rate of teenage pregnancy is higher among low- income African-Americans and Hispanics, curiously those in inner city ghettoes, the number of births to teenagers is highest among white, nonpoor young women who hump in mall cities and towns. (Calhoun 309) In addition to the question of which teenagers become pregnant, intere st is shown in the kindly consequences of early parenthood. Adolescent parents (mostly mothers) may find that they have a lost or limited opportunity for education. (Johnson 4)The higher a womans level of education, the more likely she is to postpone marriage and childbearing. Adolescents with little schooling are often twice as likely as those with more education to have a bumble bafore their twentieth birthday. Some 58% of young women in he United States who receive less than a high school education give birth by the time they are twenty years old, compared with 13% of young women who complete at least twelve years of schooling. (Tunick 11) Teens who become pregnant during high school are more likely to drop out. Calhoun 310)A teen mother leaves school because she cannot manage the task of caring for a baby and studying, and a teen father usually chooses a job over school so that he can pay bills and picture for his child. (Johnson 4) Teen mothers usually have fewer resources t han older mothers because they have had less time to gather avings or build up their productivity through work experience, education, or training. (Planned Parenthood 1) Because of this, teen mothers are generally poor and are dependent on authorities support. Newman 679)The welfare system is usually the only support a teen parent will receive. Welfare benefits are higher for families with absent fathers or dependent children. (Calhoun 309) In some cases, teen mothers may also receive help like Medicaid, Food Stamps, and Aid to Families with Dependent Besides educational and financial problems, teenage mothers may face a great deal f emotional accent and may become very stressed. Teen mothers may have limited social contacts and friendships because they do not have time for anything other than their baby.Lack of a social life and time for herself may cause the teenage mother to become depressed or have severe mental anxiety. (Johnson 5) Depression may become worse for a teenage mo ther because she usually does not know much about child development or about how to economic aid for their children. Children who are born to teenage mothers usually suffer from poor parenting. (Berk 188) Also, children of teenage parents start being exually active before their peers and they are more likely to become teenage parents themselves.These children may also suffer from financial difficulties similar to that of their parents. Children whose mothers are age seventeen or younger are three times as likely as their peers to be poor, and are likely to stay poor for a longer period of time. (Calhoun 311) The children born to teenage mothers sometimes score lower on development tests than the children of older mothers. It seems that rather than declining over time, educational deficits increase in severity and the children show lower academic chievement, higher drop out rates, and are more likely to be held back in school. Teenage pregnancy comes with not only a child, but als o many consequences.Teen mothers face greater health risks than older mothers, such(prenominal) as anemia, pregnancy induced hypertension, toxemia, premature delivery, cervical trauma, and even expiry. Many of these health risks are collect to inadequate antenatal care and support, rather than physical immaturity. The teenage mother is more likely to be undernourished and suffer premature and prolonged labor. (Calhoun 311) The death rate from pregnancy omplications are much higher among girls who give birth under age fifteen. (Gormly 347)Poor eating habits, smoking, alcohol and drugs increase the risk of having a baby with health problems. Johnson 3) The younger the teenage mother is, the higher the chances are that she and her baby will have health problems. This is mainly due to late prenatal care (if any) and poor nutrition. (Planned Parenthood 1) An adolescent mother and her baby may not get enough nutrients and, because the mothers ashes is not fully mature, she may have ma ny complications throughout the duration of the pregnancy. Along with the mother, the children of teenage parents too often become part of a cycle of poor health, school failure, and poverty.Infants born to teenage mothers are at a high risk of prematurity, fragile health, the need for intensive care, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and mental retardation. (Johnson 5) Low birth weight is the most neighboring(a) health problem. Babies born to teenagers are often born too small, too soon. Low birthweight babies may have immature organ systems (brain, lungs, and heart), difficulty controlling body temperature and blood sugar levels, and a risk of dying in early infancy that is much igher than that of normal weight babies (five and one-half pounds or more). Calhoun 310)The death rate for babies whose mothers are under fifteen years of age is double that of babies whose mothers are twenty to thirty years old. (Johnson 5) Because of these extremely serious problems, many government, as well a s local, organizations are fighting to stop the occurence of teenage pregnancy by helping to educate children of the risks involved and the consequences afterward. Some research indicates that the percentage of teenage birthrates has declined manifestly because fewer eenagers are having sexual intercourse and more adolescents are using contraceptives.Researchers say that the recent trends in sexual activity and contraceptive use are the result of a number of factors, including greater emphasis on abstinence, more conservative attitudes about sex, fear of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, the popularity of long-lasting birthcontrol methods such as the contraceptive implant (Norplant) and the injectable (Depo-Provera), and even because of the economy. In addition, researchers say that young people have become somewhat more conservative in their views about casual ex and out-of-wedlock childbearing.Some attribute this change in attitude mainly to concern about sexually trans mitted diseases. Others say that it is because of the link of conservative religious groups in the public debate over sexual behavior. Many researchers believe that the strong economy and the increasing availability of jobs at stripped wage have contributed to fewer births among teenagers. (Donovan 32) Americans, however, seem to be against some of the methods used by these various organizations to reduce the teen pregnancy rates.The most controversial survey of adolescent pregnancy prevention is the growing movement to provide teenagers with easy access to contraceptives. Most Americans believe that giving teenagers birthcontrol pills and/or condoms is the same as heavy them that early sex is allowed. Some studies that were conducted in Europe show that some clinics in Europe that distribute contraceptives to teenagers have the same sexual activity rate as in the United States. However, in these European studies, it is apparent that teen pregnancy, childbirth, and abortion rat es areTeenage pregnancy does cause many problems for the mother, child, and economy. thither are, however, some incidences where the mother overcomes this down-hill trend and makes a successful life for her and her child. The outcome of teenage pregnancy turns out better if the mother goes back to school after she has given birth. (Berk 190) Staying in school may help to prevent teenage mothers from having a second pregnancy. (Planned Parenthood 2) The outcome is also better if the mother continues to live with her parents so that they can help to raise the child.Young, teen mothers need health care for themselves as well as their children. An adolescent mother also needs a great deal of encouragement to get her to remain in school. Single teenage mothers also need job training so that they can get a good job to support themselves and their children. Teen mothers need to be taught parenting and life-management skills and also need high quality and affordable daycare for their childr en. Schools that provide daycare centers on campus reduce the incidence of teenagers dropping out of school. These school programs also ecrease the likelihood that the teen mother will have more children. Berk 189)Because the government has begun to take action in preventing teen pregnancies, the rate has continued to decline. The large numbers of young people in Americaas well as the values, health, education, skills they gainwill greatly affect the future of society. Therefore, increased attention should be given to the well-being of adolescents. Since greater care is being given to the young people, improvements are already occuring. The level of education that young people receive is much higher than that of their parents, and he expectation that young people should obtain at least some secondary schooling is growing.The numbers of women who have a child during their teen years is declining, and recognizing the impact of childbearing on education, parents and communities are chr onic to discourage sexual activity, marriage, and motherhood at a young age. (Tunick 13) These recent trends, if continued, will more than likely educate the adolescent population about the risks and consequences of teenage pregnancy and reduce the incicence of teen pregnancy and childbirth altogether.

Education Essays – Educational Lottery

Is it truly the harder you work the further you get in reading or is it an educational lottery whereby your academic hereafter is pre-determined before birth.AbstractionThis account aims to look at the extent that the nurture system in the UK can best be regarded as a meritocracy based on difficult work and diligence or a societal lottery whereby pupils are channeled into socially pre-determined functions and degrees of accomplishment. In order to tr ain my research in a manner that is commensurate with regularityological and expositional unity I will try to prove my hypothesis through a regular thesis-antithesis-synthesis construction detailing foremost the history environing province pedagogy, secondly the assorted strains of unsubtle teaching method that assert its meritocratic character and thirdly how bolshie and Neo-Conservative theory refutes this and positions province run instruction as a mechanism of societal control and work force filtering.Throughout I will co iffure these hypothetical impressions into a current political context utilizing a assortment of beginnings that includes entropys refering the sum of preschool topographic points available to kids in interior metropolis and hapless countries, the educational disparities between the races and genders and the degrees of Higher instruction support that is allocated by organic structures much(prenominal) as the AHRC. I will besides do usage of the many governance documents and paperss that have been create since 1997.Introduction State Run State IssuesThe Introduction to this paper will concentrate on the peculiar jobs and issues that arise when instruction is inducted into the province. The modern instruction system, in Britain, can be said to hold begun with theElementary Education Actof 1870 ( Haralambos and Holborn, 2004 Curtis and Boultwood, 1967 ) , it was this Act that foremost advocated a system of school boards that oversaw the course of study and teaching method of loc al schools and led finally to theFisher Actof 1918 that made school compulsory ( McKibbin, 1998 ) .The recent governance paperssYoung person Matters( 2005 ) and the model for theNational Skills Academy( 2005 ) represent what is a changeless hostility in British pedagogical policy on the one manus asseverating the primacy of a Liberal educational foundation and on the other the demand to bring forrard a work force for all the assorted degrees of employment strata. This subdivision of the paper will analyze this hostility as it manifests itself in current authorities thought, pulling on these two recent policy paperss every bit good as other cardinal beginnings ( Salisbury and Riddell, 2000 Cole, 2000 Smithers and Robinson, 2000 Levinson, 1999 ) .It is hoped that this debut will perish a house anchoring in current regime policy and will besides supply a stable footing for the intercession to come.Chapter One The Liberal IdealThis chapter will supply the thesis component of my paper and will take the signifier of an expounding upon Liberal educational theory and how it is reflected in the modern system. In many ways the GovernmentsYoung person Matters( 2005 ) papers can be seen as an entry point into such Broad theory that centres around impressions primarily developed by John Dewey in the early portion of the 20th century ( Dewey, 2005 Dewey, 2000 etc. ) .This point of view non merely asserts the intrinsic value of instruction but besides sees advancement as a merchandise of difficult work and diligence irrespective of gender, category or race ( DfES, 2005 9 ) . coterminous with this argument is the review of the three-party system of instruction that comprised of grammar, secondary modern and proficient colleges and that formed the footing of the work of Halsey, Floud and Anderson ( 1961 ) .In order to prove such theories I will analyze Government statistics on non merely exam consequences ( DfES, 2004 ) but besides the National Curriculum appraisal s ( DfES, 2005 Provisional ) , Student Loan information ( DfES, 2005 ) , Higher Education Grants ( DfES, 2005 ) and a host of other Government published documents that assert the proliferation of what I have termed the Liberal Ideal . This chapter aims, through a treatment of Broad policy, to foreground the extent that current instruction system does so intend that the harder you work to foster you acquire.Chapter Two The Education MachineThis chapter aims to take a black eye place to predating one and therefore supply the antithesis to the thesis. Through an expounding of the theoretical model of Marxism and Conservatism I will measure the extent that the British instruction system is designed to ease the proliferation of an political orientation that places the creative activity of a work force above the wants of single pupils to stay in instruction. chthonic such a impression, the instruction system does so go a lottery, based upon pre-determined factors like category, race a nd gender.The theoretical base for this chapter will be emaciated from such surveies as Paul WillisLearning to Labor( 1978 ) , Bowles and Gintis surveySchooling in Capitalist America( 1976 ) and the Neo-Marxist theories of Glenn Rikowski ( 1997, 2001 ) . I will besides, nevertheless do some reference of the functionalist ethos ( Durkheim, 1982 Giddens, 1971 Black, 1961 etc. ) that sees the instruction systems as execute throughing avitaldemand in the economic system of an industrial society by supplying a graded work force a construct that can be seen to be reflected in both the Conservative policies of the 1980s and the Blair administrationsNational Skills Academy( 2005 ) .In order to put such impressions into context I will look in peculiar at the support given to those pupils wishing to go to Higher educational constitutions ( such as the grants awarded to graduate students from organic structures such as the AHRC ) and the Governments new committedness to supplying non-acad emic preparation to immature people via the new apprenticeship strategy ( Learning and Skills Council, 2005 ) .DecisionsMy decisions will be drawn from non merely the theoretical base of this paper but besides the research information in the signifier of confirming statistics. The construction I have chosen to construct this paper around offers us ample chance to analyze the theoretical base and the current state of affairs in tandem puting the Governments ain instruction defining policy within the context of sociological theory and the empirical information. It is hoped that it is in the combination of these three elements that I shall be able to to the bountiful prove my research hypothesis and pull worthwhile decisions.MentionsBowles, Samuel and Gintis ( 1976 ) ,Schooling in Capitalist America,( London Routledge )Cole, Mike ( 2000 ) ,Education, Equality and Human Rights, ( London Falmer instancy )Curtis, S.J. and Boultwood, M. ( 1967 ) ,An Introductory explanation of English Education Since 1800, ( London University Tutorial sign on )Department of Education ( 2005 ) ,Young person Matters, ( London HMSO )Department of Education, ( 2005a ) ,National Skills AcademyModel, ( London HMSO )Dewey, John ( 2000 ) ,Experience and Nature, ( London Capital of delaware )Dewey, John ( 2005 ) ,Democracy and Education, ( London Digireads )Durkheim, Emile ( 1982 ) ,The Rules of sociological Method and Selected Texts on Sociology and its Method, ( London Macmillan )Giddens, Anthony ( 1977 ) ,Capitalism and Modern Social Theory An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber, ( Cambridge Cambridge University Press )Halsey, A.H, Floud, J and Anderson, C.A ( 1961 ) ,Education, Economy and Society, ( London The Free Press )Haralambos, M and Holborn, M ( 2004 ) ,Sociology Subjects and Positions, ( London Collins )Levinson, Meira ( 1999 ) ,The Demands of Liberal Education, ( Oxford Oxford University Press )McKibbin, Ross ( 1998 ) ,Classs and Cultures in England 191 8-1951, ( Oxford Oxford University Press )Rikowski, Glenn ( 1997 ) , Scorched Earth preliminary to reconstructing Marxist instruction theory , published inBritish Journal of Sociology of Education, Vol. 18.Rikowski, Glenn ( 2001 ) ,The Battle in Seattle Its Significance for Education, ( London Tufnell Press )Salibsury, Jane and Riddell, Sheila ( 2000 ) ,Gender, Policy and Educational Change Switching Agendas in the UK and Europe, ( London Routledge )Smithers, Alan and Robinson, Pamela ( 2000 ) ,Further Education Re-Formed, ( London Falmer Press )Willis, Paul ( 1978 ) ,Learning to Labor, ( London Arena )Web siteshypertext transfer protocol //www.apprenticeships.org.uk/hypertext transfer protocol //www.bbc.co.ukhypertext transfer protocol //www.dfes.gov.uk/hypertext transfer protocol //www.homeoffice.gov.uk/hypertext transfer protocol //www.statistics.gov.uk

Music: the Medicine of the Mind

euphony faeces have effects on the human learning ability that ar hard to exaggerate. For instance, a mere clipping of song can trigger ones memories so vividly. A tune can induce emotions ranging from unabashed joy to deep sorrow and can drive listeners into states of patriotic fervour or religious frenzyto say nothing of its legendary ability to soothe the savage beast. The study of how harmony affects the oral sex and the interconnection between music and the physical and mental health of human beings has been a subject of interest for many.Music is known to speed the recovery of health ailments and has a calming effect on the straits. Music helps fight anxiety and has a soothing effect on the brain. Music may affect the brain/mind by increasing creativeness and problem solving skills concentration and memory and speeding up healing. Music increases creativity and problem-solving skills. Music enhances creativity, by positively impacting the the right way side of the bra in where most of ones creative thought is situated and triggering brain centres which deal with enhancing creativity.For example, according to the article Healing by Music Therapy Ragas From the online magazine Akhand Jyoti, certain ragas (A pattern of notes in Indian music that have characteristic intervals, rhythms, and embellishments, used as a basis for improvisation) activate the chakras of the body, thus give the individual an added advantage in other creative tasks. Additionally, music increases spatial and abstract reasoning skills required in tackling problems, solving puzzles and decision-making.Moreover, according to Eric H. Chudler, Ph. D. , a proofreader at the Washington University Faculty of Music, the brain responds to the Mozart Effect comprehend to classical music for a period of 10 minutes appears to increase your creative abilities. Therefore, listening to Mozarts music positively affects the spatial-temporal reasoning, simply put it makes one smarter. Furthe rmore, music increases concentration levels and improves memory.According to the online article The Brain on Music by the neurologist Dr. Ellen Weber uncorrupted music, such as Haydn and Mozart, often improves concentration and memory when played in the background. Hence, music helps increase your concentration levels a abundant deal. In improver, music has a calming effect on the mind, so, the calmer the mind, the easier it is to focus and concentrate. Additionally, music has been found to increase memory levels of Alzheimers and dementia patients.The silence between two musical notes triggers brain cells which are responsible for the development of sharp memory. Flute music, and instruments like the santoor and sarod are recommended for the enhancement of concentration and memory. Also, classical music improves the ability to recall whats retained in the brain in the form of memory. Strong beats cause the brain waves to resonate in synch with the beat, thus, leading to increas ed levels of concentration and increased mental alertness. Moreover, music acts as a catalyst in the healing process.According to the online article Music and the Healing Process from the Thorburn Associates Acoustic and Technology Consultants website, There is also significant research that music can be used in medicine to help manage pain, reduce anxiety Hence, music is an effective distraction from pain and suffering of the throw aside and injured, however, music not only diverts the mind from pain, but also helps bring about certain chemical changes in the brain, such as, enabling ones mind to secrete endorphins that speed up the process of healing.As a result, music therapy is recommended for patients of high blood pressure, heart diseases and even cancer, so, music may be considered as therapeutic in pain management. Therefore, listening to melodious, comforting music is sure to have a positive effect on the physical and mental welfare of patients. If not cure every ailment , music definitely creates hope in the minds of patients a hope to recover. And when nothing else works, only hope does. To sum up, increased creativity and problem solving skills concentration and memory levels and speedy healing, are the effects music has on the mind/brain.Music really affects the human mind a great deal. So much so, that it influences ones physical and mental state. Music aids in the speedy recovery of ailments by diverting the mind away from the pain as well as through chemical changes in the brain brought about by music which catalyse the healing process. In addition music calms the mind, helps fight anxiety and has a soothing effect on the brain, thus, increasing ones concentration and memory levels. Lastly, through triggering brain centres and remark of the right side of the brain, music enhances an individuals creativity and problem-solving skills.

Aims of the abstract sculpture,painting or architecture

Abstract art is an artistic style that utilizes both affectation and form to create a piece that is non-representational. Its general purpose is to capture the intrinsic qualities of the object that it is depicting. Abstraction is a new way of representing the surrounding world that departs from the utilization of traditional methods.There were several(prenominal) movements through out art history that helped shape modern abstraction and develop a clearer purpose of these works. The four chief movements in abstract moving-picture show include Cubism, Futurism, Abstract Expressionism and Post-Painterly Abstraction.Abstract paintings are meant to be thoughtful contemplations in their witness right, the meaning interpreted by the spectator.Cubism is a radical movement that was a turning head teacher in the world of Western art during the early twentieth century. The Cubists, as they were referred, did not depict naturalistic representations, but preferred compositions of shapes and forms that abstracted from the conventionally comprehend world.They dissected lifes continuous optical spread into its many constituent features, which they then recomposed, by a new logic of design, into a crystal clear aesthetic object (Kleiner, 2003, p. 795). The Cubists rejection of traditional forms is an illustration of the early twentieth centurys new avant-garde attitude.These abstract works were born out of the state-supporteds idea that the world was not necessarily a concrete in the altogethertonian world, these notions brought out by the modern physicists of the time including Einstein. One of the basic meanings of Cubism is that a work of art depends upon both the external reality of nature and the internal reality of art (Rosenblum, 1966, p. 58).The artistic revolutionaries, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, are often credited for starting the Cubism movement. The tendency of these artists was to dissect the forms of their subjects. This dissection was then put on to their respected canvasses for the viewer to witness.Their type of Cubism involved analyzing the form and investigating the pictorial elements in order to convey meaning (Kleiner, 2003, p. 795). A prime example of this type of abstract painting is the work The Portuguese by Georges Braque. In this piece, he dissects the form in the work and uses muted browns as his color palette. This subtle use of color was meant to draw the viewers eye to the form of the piece and to not be distracted by the color of the work. The complexity of the work is apparent by the large intersecting planes that make it a guess at what the subject could possibly be.That was one of the aims of Cubism, to make it a mere impossibility to arrive at a finite meaning of a piece. The constantly shifting imagery makes it hopeless to arrive at a final reading of the image.The movement of Futurism was a mere extension of the aims that the Cubists were trying to achieve with their work. The main difference between t he Cubists and the Futurists were that the Futurists had a socio governmental purpose. These artists were angry over the political and cultural decline of Italy therefore, they decided to propose revolution through both the literature and art of the time. When the Futurist manifesto was first launched in 1910 by the painters Boccioni, Carr and Russolo, its base aim was to bring Italian painting on to the European scene and oppose all forms of provincialism (Ballo, 1958, p. 14). The aim of these compositions was to launch Italy towarfareds a glorious future. They matt-up the need for war in order to erase the countrys past. The Futurists had extremely radical ideas they called for the destruction of libraries and museums, in order to start anew. The art of the Futurists focused on motion, in both time and space. The forms within their paintings were not purely abstract. Futurism encouraged a new boldness of execution and a more swaggering exploration of effect (Taylor, 1961, p. 22 ). The blending of Futurism and the ideas of Cubism is evident in the composition by Gino Severini entitled Armored Train.This work encompasses the act of motion as well as the idea of revolution. The painting features group of soldiers upon a train shooting at an unknown target. In abstract fashion, the artist depicts all of the objects into planes.The purpose of these types of pieces was to promote war and to inspire revolution. Therefore, the ideas behind this artistic and political movement led to the fascist regime that would emerge in Italy during World War II.A departure from abstraction would come up the art world following the Futurist movement. It was not until the 1940s, that works of abstraction would gain popularity again. Abstract Expressionism, the first avant-garde American movement, would emerge in New York during the 1940s (Kleiner, 2003, p. 859).This movement would produce paintings that were abstract in form, but would also express the state of the artists mind. The aim of these artists was to reach out emotionally to the viewers of their works. This movement was inspired by the popular psychiatric theories of the time.These artists attempted to broaden their artistic processes by expressing what Carl Jung referred to as the collective unconscious. These artists were able to achieve this by turning inward in order to create their work. The compositions typical of this movement were wild and full of energy.The artists of this movement intended to have the viewers of their work witness the content through their own intuition. These painting were meant to be felt and to express a persons absolute emotions.The Abstract Expressionists felt strongly almost the importance of freedom. They aimed for people to see their pieces without memory or association. As artist Mark Rothko explained, Instead of making cathedrals out of Christ, man or life, we make it out of ourselves, out of our own feelings. The image we produce is understood by anyone who looks at it without nostalgic glasses of history (Kleiner, 2003, p. 860). This movement had two central groups the gestural abstractionists and the chromatic abstractionists.In gestural abstraction pieces, the composition relied on the expressiveness of energetically applied color. Meanwhile, the chromatic abstraction works used colors emotional resonance as their central focus.The most famous gestural abstractionist artist would likely be Jackson Pollock. By the 1950s, he was comfortable with the abstract style and was creating his own unique paintings. Pollock was best known for using mural size canvasses and composing his paintings out of drips and splatters of paint.These compositions were reminiscent of spider webs and were full of energy. His methods of composing his pieces (using sticks and brushes, he flung and dripped paint) emphasised the method of creation. Pollock wished to create art that was equally spontaneous and choreographed. His technique was to immerse himself into his work as he created.His painting rejected the traditional aspects of painting and became abstraction in its truest form. The paintings contained no central focus and were representative of internalized feelings.The downside of this type of this was the more Pollock pushed his imagery toward abstraction, the wider became the range of possible interpretations and the greater the risk of misinterpretation (Cernuschi, 1992, p. 132).The energy behind the compositions in the method of chromatic abstraction was muted in comparison. Chromatic abstraction did not pretend to have any philosophical or moral claims at all. The works in this genre meant to specify sensations and appearances in the immediate environment (Frascina, 1985, p. 116). The emotions that they wish to convey in their works were displayed by their use of color. These works were simplified observations of objects. Their main feature was zips, which were lines that ran from one side to the painting to the other.Thes e zips were not meant to be seen as specific entities, but rather as accents that give energy to the paintings. This method of simplification used in chromatic abstraction enabled the artist to express his feelings by the mere use of color.

Save a Girl Child

GIRL CHILD IN TODAYS SOCIETY The female child in India has been most vulnerable for centuries. We are committing the worst iniquity against humanity when we dont even allow children to be born just because they carry the stigma of being girls . The poor infant girls have no choice because they are killed inside the womb of their mothers or killed after birth in parts of Bihar ,Tamil Nadu ,Rajasthan and other parts of India. We forget that only girls transport mete out of their parents and their in-laws also. they are always giving a helping hand. Only girls when they get married take care of their children.They are really responsible for any duties they take on. Usually girls are the topper in board exams. Still we dont welcome them. Then ask yourself why do we behave standardized this? Aiman Muskaan V-C THE GIRL CHILD GOD COULD NOT BE EVERYWHERE, SO, HE CREATEDMOTHERSA MOTHER IS A HIGHLY ADORABLE FORM OF GIRL CHILD. Children are the peak buds in garden named earth A child bring s immense happiness in the family . Children are a special gift from the almighty to a family and specially a girl child is a wonderful blessing because the birth of a girl child is a symbol of incoming prosperity .A girl child is a living deity on this earth. A girl child plays a vital role in the upliftment of society . as they usually are apostreles of care, kindness, adoration and understanding . everybody should respect respect the girl child as she is future of nation. Give me good mothers I will ordinate you good nation YASHICA CHUGH V-C CHANGES IN A GIRL CHILD IN TODAYS SOCIETY Girl child is a topic of preaching today also in India. Nowadays girls have departed is a topic of discussion today also in India. Nowadays girls have gone much ahead than boys and are working in similar or better positions than boys.They have their best in every field like-wrestling, sports, and business as they too are capable and equal to boys. Example of such great women are-Indira Gandhi, K iran Bedi, PT Usha. But even now in some places the position of a girl child remained unchanged. They are killed. On other hand some people think opposite. They educate their daughter and treat them well. Government is giving unblock education to girls. They are working on good posts like-IPS officer, president etc. They are good role models as housewife, mother or sister, I am proud to be a girl. UJJWAL NEGI V-C

Global warming †a serious warning Essay

I have a dream, that in a near future, the people of this universe will come in concert as one. We could all come together as one and leave all our differences of color, religion, and political views behind us, to stand together to face what Bill McKibben calls the greatest challenge and threat mankind has ever faced global warming. In 2007 Bill McKibben, an author, educator, and environmentalist, wrote the article, Global Warning Get Up keep going Up to persuade people that we, the people on earth, have caused, and are still causing, the humor changes that have been taking place over the knightly decades. More than that, however, McKibben explains that someaffair still needs to be done about it. McKibben uses extreme, yet reasonable, examples and methods to convey this message effectively.Global warming is the result of the greenhouse effect, which has increased since the gentlemans gentleman race started to burn fossil fuels in order to extract energy. When fossil fuels are be ing burnt, greenhouse gasses, such as carbon dioxide, set salvage into the atmosphere. The accumulative pollution causes the atmosphere to reflect heat radiation back towards the earth, instead of letting the gasses disappear into space, because the ozone layer gets thicker. However, without the greenhouse effect, our planet would be 33 degrees Celsius cooler (McKibben 4). Since the carbon dioxide has already increased by one third in the atmosphere since the nineteenth century, the effect will be stronger and therefore to a greater extent heat will be kept inside the atmosphere than before. This phenomenon, called global warming, leads to a hotter climate as a matter of fact, the earth is today hotter than it has been in over 2000 years (McKibben 5-9).Warming that word al or so sounds inviting, like we all might live in a world twenty years from, that could be a tropical paradise where the extent of our problems would be pondering what Spf sunscreen to use. That is not the case, though. Thousands and thousands of climate scientists agree thatglobal warming is not only the most threatening environmental problem, but one of the greatest challenges facing all of humanity throughout humanitys entire history (McKibben 595). To maintain the sightly temperature we need here on earth, the glaciers and the North Pole ice are a big factor because when the exact amount of ice melts, it evens out the oceans temperature and therefore stabilizes all the different ecosystems. All ecosystems are dependent on whether the temperature is just where it should be or not.In addition, some experts and people debate that it is not us, the people who have caused the climate changes they claim global warming is a natural occurring phenomenon which has nothing to do with the actions of humans. They say there is not overflowing of proof to say that the human race is 100% responsible for the changes now taking place. They claim that events like these have been taking place regularl y throughout the long history of earth, and there is nothing we give notice do about this (The Galileo 591-593). A 54-year-old oceanographer discovered that temperatures a thousand years ago, during the so-called medieval climate optimum, were two degrees Celsius warmer than todays average and that the average temperature over the last three millennia was slightly warmer than todays (The Galileo 591-592).As a picturesque active environmental activist from Brazil, a country advocating a change of living to reduce global warming, I can relate to many of McKibbens attacks and aspects expressed in his article. According to McKibben, the most urgent thing right now is to recognize that there is a mix of solutions that can be employ worldwide and instead of focusing on arguing about what is needed to be done, we need to take action. In other words, the most important thing is not what we do about it, but that we do something about it. All the people in the world have to start living u nder the homogeneous roof we need to do what it is good for the world. To me, stopping global warming is so much more than just saving electricity or walkway instead use a car. Stopping global warming is about taking responsibility, not just for ourselves and our own actions, but for our friends and family, as rise up as our nation and the world that we live in Earth. Stopping global warming is about the most honorable thing a man cando saving lives.Works CitedAbout Bill McKibben.Bill McKibben. N.p., 2010. Web. 20 Oct. 2010. The Galileo of Global Warming. Perspectives on Contemporary Issues. Ed. Katherine McKibben, Bill. Global Warning Get Up Stand Up Perspectives on Contemporary

Industrial revoloution Essay

How bad were the nourishment conditions for the poor in the newly industrialised towns and cities of the 1840sIn the 1840s, on that point was a lot of pollution, and there was infinitesimal regulation of what was put into the river or the air.The houses for 1840s workers were built very poorly. They were usually made by the factory owners at minimum cost. They were made either one(a) brick, or half a brick thick, and only consisted of one room. on that point were no indoor lavatories, therefore the workers were left with only two substances to go to the toilet. The first way was to walk up the road and use the toilets at either end of the blocks. Once there they would sedimentation their body waste into the cess pool via a wooden bench. Flies lived on the walls of the cess pool. They were nourished by the molecules of riddance in the air. There toilets would be shared by as many as 160 battalion, sometimes more. The cess pool would empty itself into the river, merely someti mes market gardeners who would go down into the cess pit to use the smut fungus inside as fertiliser for their garden. Occasionally, young children would drop into the cess pit, never to be seen again.The second way of pass to the toilet was to simply do it out of a window. The body waste which was left on the streets was called iniquity mud. sometimes when it rained, the night mud would slip underneath your door and end up in your house. Sometimes the night mud would be placed in your house on purpose by people being malicious.People did not postulate the type of urine supply we have today. They did not have instant running water in their houses, instead they had to collect their water from standpipes in the street. These standpipes had clean water which could be pumped out, as it wasnt safe to drink from the river, but water only came to a street, via these standpipes, every other day. Yet, there were also water seller who would sell bottles of supposedly, clean water, althou gh no one ever found out where the water came from.People in the 1840s were afraid to leave their houses for an all-encompassing periodof time. The reason for this is that as soon as you leave you house for over a day, it would be used as a toilet. This meant that people who got new jobs in factories would have to clean out there new houses of all of the muck left there by their fellow workers.In the 1840s, living conditions were ofttimes worse than nowadays, due to the lack of both appropriate sanitary provisions and constant running water, but people of 1840s would have found those conditions normal. What we think of as clean would have probably been considered unimaginable in those days.

Good life Essay

At the last of our departs, we all want to be able to shade as though the intent sentence that we lived on earth was a heavy and capable one. This seems like the ultimate goal that we touch for every day. However, the question arises as to how we digest meet this goal by the way that we live our fooling lives. If you were to ask random deal on the street how they live a well and happy conduct, severally person would give you a different answer. This is because everyone has a different perspective of what is important to make this livingspan a good and happy life, and everyone has the control to make this life possible.What would I say if someone asked me how I computer programme to live a good and happy life? Personally, my answer would be that living a good and happy life would be living chastely and living a purposeful life through my craze for aid others through nursing and also through my faith. T present are many an(prenominal) people that redeem studie d these aspects of what a good and happy life would look like and set out different views on what really defines what it means to live in a arrant(a) and meaningful way. fit in to the Stoics, their idea of virtue was moral goodness, doing what is right, just, honorable and wise, unless I believe that being virtuous goes beyond being morally perfect. So, what does being virtuous actually mean to me? Being virtuous means consciously striving to do what is right, and discipline from our mistakes, and continually growing to be a better person. In Joel Kuppermans book, Six Myths About the Good Life, there is a recite that reads There has to be a learning process cancel of this inevitable volition involve moral decisions, made by someone who is clam up inexperienced and who may be under pressure.I believe that making mistakes is part of our human nature, but that does non mean that we can non be virtuous people. We can still live a virtuous life by learning from the mistakes tha t we have made. So, how does this view of virtue ensure that I live a good and happy life? Living a virtuous life require us to do what is right, and feel good about those decisions that we have made. It is important to learn from our mistakes, because in return, we will grow as people, and hopefully not continue to make those same mistakes.A life full of doing bad things, will altogether leave us with a life full of regrets at the end, but living virtuously will prevent us from living a life of regrets and in return will ensure a good life. Someone might disagree by saying that virtue is not important because anyone could live a good and happy life by doing bad things and stomping on the people around them for their own good. But, what is this person going to think at the end of their lives? What good did they do here on earth? That person would not look back at their lives as a good life and would ultimately not end up happy with it.Yes, I am sure this person was happy at certain points throughout their life, but the ultimate goal here is to end up with a good and happy life. A good and happy life means doing good things, and intuitive feeling joy through those good things that we have done. Aristotle believes that the most pleasant life, and presumably the happiest, is a life of virtuous or excellent activity. (Haybron p. 48) This means that a life of just doing good acts is just a part of the big picture. Doing good and also living a life full of meaningful and worthy activities is the signalise to a good and happy life.This leads into my second aspect of a good and happy life, which is living a meaningful life. How does one live a meaningful life? I believe that living a meaningful life means living beyond yourself, working towards something that has value to you and also to other people, and doing something that is worthwhile in the end. It means not just existing on this earth, but living a life that you would be willing to live over again. A quote f rom Haybrons book reads Any life devoted to worthwhile ends is meaningful.This means that doing something that will have worthwhile end results for not only you but the people around you is doing something meaningful. How does living this meaningful life make our lives good and happy lives? Living a meaningful life is ultimately living an emotionally fulfilling life. We will find pride and happiness in doing things that are valuable and meaningful to us, and will ultimately lead to a good and happy life. Haybron goes as far to say that The full measure of happiness requires that we connect, in our lives, with what seems to us to matter.This means that we will not even experience our full potential happiness if we do not engage in meaningful activities. So, if a key part of a good and happy life is just doing something that is meaningful, then someone may argue that any useless activity that someone finds meaningful will lead to a good life. For example, someone who sits on the bathr oom floor counting tiles because that is something that they find very meaningful and valuable, would not be viewed as someone who is living a good and happy life to most people.This plan of doing meaningful things then must go farther than just doing things that are meaningful to us personally. This is where Haybron dialogue about finding something that is not only valuable to oneself but also other people. A quote from his book reads, The most meaningful lives will combine subjective and objective meaning appreciative skirmish with what genuinely matters. The most meaningful life then must mean engaging in activities that have an equal balance between personal meaning and also meaning to others. Through my 20 age of age, I discovered what this meaning is for me.I plan to live a meaningful life by helping others through my nursing practices and also through my faith. Helping others and making a difference in their lives through the nursing skills that I have acquired, and also the knowledge that I share about my faith, is my passion in life. According the studies done my Mihaly Csikszentmehalyi people find the most pride and joy in doing activities that they can get caught up in. He refers to them as flow experiences, and explains that these flow experiences are important to our happiness.I in all agree with what this stands for. I find that my true happiness comes from when I am engaged in situations of helping other people not only physically but also spiritually. The feeling that I ask for by giving others a better life, is a feeling of happiness that I do not find in anything else I do. I could not fill my life with enough pleasures, relationships, or dimension to ever feel as though I would be living as good and happy of a life as I plan on living, without living out my mission and passion for helping others physically and spiritually.Although this is my plan to secure a good and happy life, this may not be applicable for everyone, but living a g ood and happy life is most definitely achievable. like it states in our constitution, we have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This does not entail that our happiness is given to us, but kinda it is something that we have the freedom to strive for, and find the things that will ensure us this good and happy life. In regards to my own life, I find this attainable by living virtuously and by living a meaningful life through my passion for helping others through nursing and also through my faith.By living in such a way, I can live happily knowing that I am doing good and making a difference in peoples lives that will end in something that was worthwhile. Drawing from other readings and others opinions, I have been reassured that it is possible to live a good and happy life through just these two aspects of virtue and meaning. I plan to live in this way in hopes that when my life comes to an end I can believe that it was a good and happy life.

Effects of Computer Games

Statement of the fuss This statement testament try answer on the following programs 1. What is the profile of the Criminology students in terms of a. Age b. Gender c. Year take 2. What ar the Effects of Computer Games in terms of a. lack of Socialization b. temperament Changes c. Hyperactive development Disorders 3. What atomic number 18 the train of doing of Criminology Students in terms of a. Classroom Interaction b. mental/Emotional cognizance c. Problem Solving and pen Exams 4.Are there pregnant relationships between Effects of Computer Games and the Level of Performance of Criminology Students? Theoretical Theory Social Responsibility Theory Social responsibility is an ethical or ideologic guess that an entity whether it is a government, corporation, organization or individual has a big responsibility to society at large. This responsibility fecal matter be negative, meat there is exemption from blame or liability, or it corporation be irrefutable, meaning the re is a responsibility to act beneficently.This scheme is a good basis of the bailiwick because students not provided spending excessive condemnation contend reck mavinr plot of lands but they need to consider similarly their responsibility as a students and their satisfaction with their co-students living in the real world. Critical Theory Critical Theory has a narrow and a broad meaning in philosophy and in the history of the affable sciences. Critical Theory in the narrow sensation designates several generations of German philosophers and social theorists in the Western European Marxist tradition known as the Frankfurt School. agree to these theorists, a critical theory may be distinguished from a traditional theory according to a specific practical purpose a theory is critical to the extent that it seeks gay emancipation, to liberate human beings from the fortune that enslave them (Horkheimer 1982, 244). Because such theories aim to explain and transform altogether the circumstances that enslave human beings, many critical theories in the broader sense have been developed.They have emerged in company with the many social movements that identify varied dimensions of the domination of human beings in modern societies. In both the broad and the narrow senses, however, a critical theory provides the descriptive and normative bases for social inquiry aimed at decreasing domination and increasing freedom in all their forms. Based on the concept of the look for, this theory can relate to the study through applying a critical analysis to know the cause of figurer plunk fors in the criminology students of MinSCAT Bongabong Campus. Conceptual Framework Fig. 1Statement of the Hypothesis The Effects of Computer Games has no satisfying relationship to its level of capital punishment of criminology students in social fundamental interaction, psychological behavior, and line solving. Significance of the Study To the Students, this study aims to prov ide selective information with regards to the effectuate of electronic electronic electronic calculator dramatic play. To the Professor, for them to have deeper understanding of the effects of computing machine drama. To the Readers, aw areness of the effects of ready reckoner gaming. And also the future enquiryer who leave alone do research on the related impart allow for have a background on this study.Scope and Limitations This is narrowed to the students of MINSCAT in Bongabong. This paper was conducted during the year 2012 and the informations gathered were limited to Bongabong Oriental Mindoro. This study focuses on the Effects of Computer Games including Lack of socialization, disposition Changes, and Hyperactive of Learnings disorder that will be measured to its level of performance of criminology students through social interaction, psychological behavior, and problem solving. Chapter II The Review of Related Literature and StudiesThis chapter reviews the w ork of research workers on problems closely related to the present study. Foreign Literature Lepper, M. R. & Gurtner, J (2000), states that prolonged and excessive use of these naughtys can cause, mainly upon children, a number of physical and psychological problems which may include obsessive, addictive behavior, dehumanization of the player, desensitizing of feelings, personality changes, hyperactivity culture disorders, premature maturing of children, psychomotor disorders, health problems (due to lack of exercise & ten wear offitis), Development of anti-social behavior and sledding of free thinking & will.Anderson and Bushman (2001), found that across 54 independent tests of the relation between video game violence and aggression, involving 4262 participants, there appear to be five consistent results of playing games with ruffianly contents. Playing violent games increase aggressive behaviors, increases aggressive cognitions, increases aggressive emotions, increases physio logical arousal, and decreases pro-social behaviours. Since most electronic games are violent, children below healthy ages are emotionally disturbed and caused several changes on their behavior.Austin, Pinkleton & Fujioka (2000), quoted that heightenal meditation is correlated with better donnish performance. And has been shown to increase beliefs in social norms, and to decrease fear. This refers to the parental consent of the player astheyplayaviolent-orientedgame. Gentile & Walsh (2002), wherein 55% of parents say that always or frequently should parents put limits on the amount of the time their children may play computer and video games, and 40% said they always or often check the video game rating before allowing their children to buy or rent computer or video games.Even through these numbers are not particularly spirited, they may overestimate the amount of parental monitoring of childrens video game play. Foreign Study From the time computer games made their way into family homes, parents have wondered if violent video games may negatively affect children and teenagers. Today, parents still worry about the effects of violent computer games and of course it also remains a popular topic for the media.However, with a growing number of children and teens spending excessive time playing computer games, perhaps parents should be more(prenominal) worried about teenagers prone to computer games than the effects of violentvideogames. An examination of the literature reveals that those who study video game addiction sometimes disagree on the parity of children and teenagers addicted to computer games. However, the majority of studies suggest that approximately 5 to 10% of youth who play computer games become addicted.Compared to otherwise psychological difficulties (such as depression and anxiety), teenage computer game addiction is plain a relatively new problem faced by families. As such, parents may lack dead-on(prenominal) and/or helpful informa tion on the signs of computer game addiction, the risk factors for video game addiction, and strategies for percentage teenagers addicted to computer games after the problem develops. As more therapists work with teenagers addicted to computer ames and more researchers study the problem, they are becoming better at detecting the signs of addiction, testing for video game addiction, and religious offering help to parents with teenagers addicted to computer games. Still, there is much confusion about exactly what computer game addiction is and how parents can help a teenager who seems far more participationed in playing in a virtual world than living in the real world. Local Literature According to Josh Kearney, Online game addiction is caused by the constant updates and the never ending game play this is solved by limiting online game downloads to one at a time.The problem with online game addiction is that it is distracting children and preteen adults from their needs. Online ga ming distracts plenty from food, sleep, and schoolwork. Although certain people are able to control themselves, there are people who cant. These people will play for hours on end, numbing them mind to the point where they can only think about game play. The cause of this is the fact that a person go on playing forever. To add onto this there are constant updates that once the hype a one dies down a new one is introduced to build anticipation.Joshua Smyth, associate professor of psychology in The College of Arts and Sciences at siege of Syracuse University, recently conducted a randomized trial study of college students contrasting the effects of playing online socially incorporate video games with more traditional single-player or arcade-style games. Smyths research found that online, socially integrated multiplayer games cause greater negative consequences (decreased health, well-being, sleep, socialization and academic work). This proves my point that although these games can b e fun, they can also be very dangerous.There, although, is a solution to this. As to most problems there is a solution. The solution to this problem is to limit the amount of games one person can place on a computer. This would be done scarce by analyzing the key components of an online MMORPG. By doing this you can train computers to detect these qualities. After doing so, it would be possible to bother the computer limit how many of these games are downloaded. There are also certain problems with this. http//www. papercamp. com Local StudiesBased on the previous research, the computer has also disadvantages aside from the fact that it provides the students informations and other features. In that research they conclude many students spent more time playing rather than researching and doing other academic works. This is result to computer addiction. From these students, huge percentage of them is male. This shows that male students are more prone to be affected by computer disadv antages. The research goal is to inform the students about what computer can really do to them, how can it affects them and what it is that affects them.The researchers proved that the research made is really true and precise because they are also once addicted in using these so called computers (Justin Vista, Hienson Tan and Bryan Yaranon, 2009). Based on the related literature and studies stated in this research, all are significant because it serves as guidelines gain more knowledge and additional information on how to distinguish the effects of computer games in the performance of criminology students of MINSCAT in Bongabong. Chapter III Research Methodology This chapter presents the research orderology that will be used and guide by the researcher to utilize in conducting this study.To kick downstairs out the Level of performance of criminology students. Research Design The researcher will use correlational statistics method of research to determine the difference between th e perceptions of the respondents and the relation of the variables. Descriptive correlation Method of Research is the make for of descriptive research that goes beyond more gathering and tabulation of data. It involves an element of interpretation of the meaning of the significant relationship described. Respondents of the Study The respondents of the study are the students of criminology students of MINSCAT in Bongabong.MINSCAT have total population of criminology students of 205. sampling respondents will be computed on the Slovins Formula. (See Appendix __ for the List of Respondents) Formula N= __N__ 1+Ne2 Where n= Sample size N= Population size e= Percentage Research Instrument The study will use questionnaire by the researcher in gathering data and employed methods like interview, browsing in the internet and collecting data and information in the books and newspaper. Data Gathering Tools A set of procedures channelize the researchers in gathering all pertinent data that wil l be needed in this research.First, a letter of request noted by the research adviser was sent to the Deans function of MiNSCAT in Bongabong namely Edna G. Piol for permission to distribute the questionnaire. Second, the formal administrative of the questionnaires comprised all the directions in answering the questionnaire will be properly explained. Finally, the data will be sorted, tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using the most relevant technique in research. Scaling and Quantification A five point numerical with five (5) as the highest and one (1) as the lowest was used.Each numerical scale had the corresponding statistical limits and verbal description presented in tabular array 2 below. give in 2 Scaling and Quantification Numerical Scale Statistical Limits Verbal rendering 5 4. 50-5. 00 Everyday 4 3. 50-4. 49 Always 3 2. 50-3. 49 Often 2 1. 50-2. 49 sometimes 1 1. 00-1. 49 Not at all flurry 3 Reliability of Questionnaire To assure that all item are reliable, a test a nd re-test method will be use by researchers. screen AND RETEST RESULT INDEPENDENT VARIABLESRELIABILITYDESCRIPTION Lack of Socialization0. 8454170Reliable Personal Changes0. 9827526ReliableHyperactivity learning Disorder0. 8460318Reliable DEPENDENT VARIABLES Social Interaction0. 7231594Reliable Psychological / emotional awareness0. 6673800Reliable Problem Solving/ written exams0. 6676692Reliable Level of Significance=5%df=8Critical r-value=0. 632 The computed r-values exceed the critical r-value 0. 632 with 8 as the power point of freedom at 5% level of significance, therefore the questionnaire is reliable. Ten respondents for post-test and another ten respondents for pre-test other than 25 respondents were requested to answer the same set of questionnaire.Responses were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using the Pearsons Movement Correlation. CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This Chapter presents the results of the research along with analysis, inte rpretation based on the statement of the problem. Table 4 rigorous Perception of the respondents on the Effect of Computer free rein in terms of Lack of Socialization PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I cannot socialize with other students. 3. 724OFTEN 2. I dont have interest with other people. 3. 842OFTEN 3. I cannot established good relationship with my classmate. . 803OFTEN 4. I am not open with my parents parental guidance. 4. 24 1OFTEN MEAN3. 90OFTEN Table 4 Shows the general mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Lack of Socialization. This display panel shows items 1-5 with the verbal description of often as the premier rank, I am not open with my parents parental guidance. Second, I dont have interest with other people. Third, I cannot establish good relationship with my classmate. And lastly, I cannot socialize with other students. The overall mean calculated is 3. 90 which are described as often.This means that computer ga ming really affects the relationship of the teenage to the people surrounds them particularly to their parents that may lead to lack of parental guidance. Table 5 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Effect of Computer Gaming in terms of Personality Changes PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. Moody3. 042SELDOM 2. Childish3. 881OFTEN 3. Health Awareness2. 84SELDOM 4. Physical Awareness2. 843SELDOM MEAN3. 14SELDOM Table 4 Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Personality changes.This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of seldom as the first rank, Childish. Second, Moody. Third, Physical Awareness. And lastly, Health Awareness. The overall mean calculated is 3. 14 which are described as seldom. This means that computer gaming affects the respondents in terms of physical, mental and emotional such as changes in mood and lack of awareness. Table 6 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Effect of Comput er Gaming in terms of Hyperactivity Learning Disorder PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. Addictive in computer games. . 361OFTEN 2. Obsessive in computer games. 2. 924SELDOM 3. Lack of thinking. 4. 082OFTEN 4. Lack of learning. 3. 883OFTEN MEAN3. 81OFTEN Table 4 Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Hyperactivity Learning Disorder. This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of seldom and often as the first rank, Addictive in computer games. Second, Lack of thinking. Third, Lack of learning. And lastly, Obsessive in computer games. The overall mean calculated is 3. 81 which are described as Often.This means that computer gaming affects the behavior of the respondents, like addictive and also they tend to have a lack of continuous learnings. Table 7 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Level of Performance of criminology students in terms of social interaction. PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I did not attend school gathering. 3. 873OFTEN 2. I am not active in school activity. 2. 694SELDOM 3. I cannot communicate professionally with my professor and classmates. 4. 451OFTEN 4. I am not approachable with my co-students. 3. 882OFTEN MEAN3. 72OFTENTable 4 Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Social Interaction. This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of seldom and often as the first rank, I cannot communicate professionally with my professor and classmates. Second, I am not approachable with my co-students. Third, I did not attend school gathering. And lastly, I am not active in school activity. The overall mean calculated is 3. 72 which are described as Often. This means that the level of performance of the criminology student of MBC has a very non-satisfactorily performance in Social Interaction.Table 8 Mean Perception of the respondents on the Level of Performance of criminology students in terms of Psychological/ Emotional Awareness. PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I am not aware of the happiness virtually me. 2. 134RARELY 2. I dont have interests on my study. 4. 321OFTEN 3. I neglect myself especially my hygiene. 3. 922OFTEN 4. I did not focus on my academic activities3. 683OFTEN MEAN3. 51OFTEN Table 4 Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of Psychological/ Emotional Awareness.This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of rarely and often as the first rank, I dont have interests on my study. Second, I neglect myself especially my hygiene. Third, I did not focus on my academic activities. And lastly, I am not aware of the happiness around me. The overall mean calculated is 3. 51 which are described as Often. This means that the level of performance of the criminology student of MBC has a very non-satisfactorily performance in Psychological/ Emotional Awareness. Table 9 Mean Perception of the responde nts on the Level of Performance of criminology students in terms of Problem Solving/ Written Exams.PRODUCTSMEANRANKVerbal Description 1. I cannot solve academic problem easily. 3. 162RARELY 2. I cannot do multitasking activity. 2. 924OFTEN 3. I cannot handle situation properly. 3. 083SELDOM 4. I am not quick in solving and I am inefficient. 3. 241SELDOM MEAN3. 10SELDOM Table 4 Shows the overall mean perception of the respondents to the effects of computer gaming in terms of PROBLEM Solving/ Written Exams. This table shows items 1- 4 with the verbal description of rarely, seldom and often as the first rank, I am not quick in solving and I am unefficient.Second, I cannot solve academic problem easily. Third, I cannot handle situation properly. And lastly, I cannot do multitasking activity. The overall mean calculated is 3. 10 which are described as Seldom. This means that the level of performance of the criminology student of MBC has a non-satisfactorily performance in their academic. abbreviation Table of r and r2 the Effects of Computer Gaming in the Criminology Students of MBC IV Effects of Computer GamingDV Level of Performance of Criminology Students of MBC Social InteractionPsychological/ Emotional AwarenessProblem Solving/ Written Exams rrrLack of Socialization. 03-. 96. 87 Personality Changes. 32. 38. 87 Hyperactivity Learning Disorder. 52-. 84. 77 Critical r-value= . 195df=25significant level of 5% This table presents the r-values of the effects of computer gaming in the students of MBC through level of performance. Since the majority of computed r-value exceeded the critical r-value of . 195 with 25 degree of freedom at 5% level of significance, therefore the zipper hypothesis is rejected which means that there is a significant relationship between the effects of computer gaming and the level of performance of criminology of MBC.It reveals that all the dependent and independent variables are significantly correlated with each(prenominal) other. Thro ugh calculations performed, the researchers arrived at the ff. interpretations The researchers interpreted that Lack of Socialization towards Social interaction has a very micro official correlation high negative correlation towards Psychological/ Emotional Awareness and very high positive correlation.In terms of Personality Changes, it has a very small positive correlation towards social interaction moderately small positive correlation towards Psychological/ Emotional Awareness and very high positive correlation towards problem solving/ written exams. In terms of Hyperactivity Learning Disorder, it has high positive correlation towards Social Interaction high negative correlation towards Psychological/ Emotional Awareness and high positive correlation towards Problem Solving/ Written Exams.

Political Corruption Essay

Wrongdoing on the part of an authority or situationful party through means that be illegitimate, immoral, or incompatible with ethical standards. decadency frequently results from patronage and is associated with bribery.In economy, decadence is payment for services or material which the recipient is non due, low equity. This may be called bribery.Way back in 200 B.C., Kautilya meticulously described 40 diverse kinds of rottenness in his Arthashastra. He has aptly commented Just as it is impossible not to taste lovemaking or poison when it is at the tip of the tongue, so it is impossible for a political relation servant not to eat up a bit of r dismantleue. And honourable as it cannot be found out whether a fish swimming through water drinks or not so as well as g e actuallywherenment servants cannot be found out while taking money for themselves. putrefaction is defined as moral rot and influencing through bribery. Essentially, lead astrayion is the ab subroutine of trust in the interest of private gain. This normally involves business existencely concern and government.The extortive type is the kind where the donor is compelled to bribe in order to avoid harm world inflicted upon his someone or his interest. It is not difficult to locate the causes of degeneration. corruptness breeds at the top and then gradually filters slew to the lower levels. Gone be the days when muckle who joined governing were imbued with the spirit of serving the nation. Those who plunged themselves into the raise up for freedom knew that there were only sacrifices to be made, no return was expected.So only the selfless people came forward. only if the modern politicians argon of solo different mould. They be not motivated by some(prenominal) lofty ideals. They win elections at a huge personal cost and then try to set about the best of the opportunity they get. Powerful business magnates who are forced to give huge donations to governmental partie s fuck up in corrupt practices not only to make up their losses scarce in addition to merge their gains. Corruption in different fieldsconnivance is an agreement amid two or much persons, nightimes illegal and therefore secretive, to limit open competition by deceiving, misleading, ordefrauding others of their legal rights, or to obtain an accusive forbidden by law typically by defrauding or gaining an unfair advantage. Collusion is a corrupt activity. The different fields of subversive activity are1. Political corruption2. Police Corruption3. merged corruption4. Corruption in local anaesthetic Government1. Political CorruptionPolitical corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such(prenominal) as repression of political opponents and general practice of law brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations no t at one time involved with the government. An illegal act by an mathematical functionholder appoints political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence. Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement. While corruption may expedite criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money wash, and hu universe trafficking, it is not restricted to these activities.The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the res domaina or jurisdiction. For instance, certain political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some aspects, government officials defy broad or poorly defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. World replete(p), bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrain ed political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning normal by thieves. When people in power indulge in corruption so unabashedly, the common man gets a kind of sanction. Ironically, instead offighting against the menace of corruption, our political leaders declare it a cosmopolitan phenomenon and accept it as something inevitable.2. Police CorruptionPolice corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial benefits, other personal gain, and/or career advancement for a police police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. One common form of police corruption is soliciting and/or accepting bribes in exchange for not reporting organized drug or prostitution rings or other illegal activities. some other example is police officers flouting the police code of conduct in order to secure convictions of suspects for example, through the use of falsified evidence.More rarely, poli ce officers may deliberately and systematically participate in organized crime themselves. In most major cities there are internal affairs sections to inquire suspected police corruption or misconduct. Similar entities include the British Independent Police Complaints Commission. Police corruption is a monumental widespread problem in m either third macrocosm countries, such as Russia, Ukraine and Mexico.3. Corporate CorruptionCorporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation (i.e., a business entity having a separate legal personality from the natural persons that manage its activities), or by individuals acting on behalf of a corporation or other business entity ( ascertain vicarious liability and corporate liability). Some negative behaviours by corporations may not actually be criminal laws vary between jurisdictions. For example, some jurisdictions allow insider trading. Corporate crime overlaps with White-collar crime, because the majority of individuals who may act as or represent the interests of the corporation are white-collar professionals Organized crime, because criminals may set up corporations either for the purposes of crime or as vehicles for laundering the proceeds of crime. The worlds gross criminal product has been estimated at 20 percent of world trade. (de Brie 2000) and State-corporate crime because, in many contexts, the opportunity to commit crime emergesfrom the relationship between the corporation and the state. 4. Corruption in Local GovernmentsThere are several(prenominal) types of political corruption that occur in local government. Some are more common than others, and some are more prevalent to local governments than to large segments of government. Local governments may be more susceptible to corruption because interactions between private individuals and officials happen at greater levels of intimacy and with more frequency at more decentralized levels. Forms of corruption pertaining to money wish well b ribery, extortion, embezzlement, and graft are found in local government systems. Other forms of political corruption are nepotism and patronage systems.BriberyBribery is the offering of something which is most often money but can also be goods or services in order to gain an unfair advantage. Common advantages can be to sway a persons opinion, action, or decision, reduce amounts fees collected, speed up a government grants, or change outcomes of legal processes.ExtortionExtortion is threatening or inflicting harm to a person, their reputation, or their property in order to unjustly obtain money, actions, services, or other goods from that person. Blackmail is a form of extortion. peculationEmbezzlement is the illegal taking or appropriation of money or property that has been entrusted to a person but is actually owned by another. In political terms this is called graft which is when a political office holder unlawfully uses public funds for personal purposes.NepotismNepotism is the practice or inclination to favor a group or person who is a relative when giving promotions, jobs, raises, and other benefits to employees. This is often based on the concept of familism which believes that a person must always respect and favor family in all situations including those pertaining to politics and business. This leads some political officials to give privileges and positions of authority torelatives based on relationships and regardless of their actual abilities. keep systemsPatronage systems consist of the granting favors, contracts, or appointments to positions by a local public office holder or expectation for a political office in return for political support. Many times patronage is apply to gain support and votes in elections or in passing legislation. Patronage systems disregard the formal rules of a local government and use personal instead of formalized channels to gain an advantage.Corruption Perceptions indicationSince 1995, enhancer International (TI) publishes the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) annually ranking countries by their perceived levels of corruption, as dictated by expert assessments and opinion surveys. The CPI generally defines corruption as the misuse of public power for private benefit. The results of the 2010 edition, as every year, are sobering. No region or country in the world is immune to the damages of corruption, the vast majority of them score below 5. The CPI has played a little role in branding the issue of corruption on the worlds conscience. It sends a powerful message and national governments have been forced to take notice and act. The demand for public sector government activity that keeps the interests of its citizens first with openness and accountability is not limited to a country or region this is a common goal that transcends borders and cultures. The public sector is just one side of a multi-faceted problem though.Transparency International conducts an array of global research, such as the Global Corruption Barometer, a world wide public opinion survey, and the Bribe Payers Index, which measures the likelihood of firms from leading exporting countries to bribe abroad, which taken together enables us to better comprehend the many sides of corruption. Corruption is notoriously difficult to measure. The complexity and secrecy that shroud corrupt deals mean that it is virtually impossible to quantify the financial cost of corruption.The human expense is clear to moot though, and it is the poorest that are most vulnerable. The diversity of victims that seek help from one of TIs Advocacy and heavy Advice Centers shows that corruption can affect anyone. As we support these individuals, their personal triumphs are translated into systemic change proving that corruption can be fought andbeaten. It may be that the CPI scores are just a calculate to you, but for many people around the world it is their daily reality. It need not be so. As Huguette Labelle, Chair of T ransparency International, notes, These 180 countries in our index are your countries, and their perceived levels of corruption will last out as such until you demand accountability.India in Corruption Perception IndexIndias ranking in Transparency Internationals Corruption Perception Index too has slipped from 84 to 87 in 2010. All this exhibits a problem that is not going anywhere soon and mocks the high moral intellect that we aspire to occupy in the international arena. Corruption has afflicted all the organs of our society including the polity, bureaucracy, judiciary, police, businessmen, and up to now public at large. It has rendered our governance apparatus hollow and ineffective. Countless efforts to combat corruption have not made any significant dent into this hydra headed monster. The public perception of India has been extensively damaged by the corrupt activities of politicians, bureaucrats and business houses.The telecom spectrum allocation scam the biggest in the history of independent India for which a minister, an MP and several corporate bosses are in jail and others are expected soon, the Commonwealth Games scandal in which the whole organizing committee, including the chairman are in jail, politicians grabbing prime real estate in housing ball club meant for war widows in Mumbai, and the cash-for-vote scam involving parliamentarians have all badly eroded the public faith in government functioning in India.Corruption is silently eating into the vitals of our nation like termite. routine by bit, it is denting our dignity and compromising our soul. Not only does it affect only individuals but alarmingly it affects our nation as a whole.India Against CorruptionIndia Against Corruption (IAC) is a citizens vogue to demand sanitary anti-corruption laws. Lokpal bills were introduced several times since 1968, yet they were never passed by the Indian Parliament. After a fast by antique social activist Anna Hazare and widespread protests by citizens crossways India the Government of India constituted a 10-member Joint deputation of ministersand civil society activists to draft an effective Jan Lokpal Bill. The primary focus of IAC movement is to ensure a starchy Lokpal bill.This corruption in India does not lead simply to cabinet portfolio shifts or newspaper headlines, but to wide human deprivation and even more extreme income inequalities. Combating corruption in the region is not just about punishing corrupt politicians and bureaucrats but also saving human lives. The IAC is a strictly unforced organization and its participants are bound by the IAC code of conduct.India Against Corruption Movement Code Of Conduct1. The movement is completely NONVIOLENT & PEACEFUL2. It is INCLUSIVE & NON-DISCRIMINATORY. Encouraging every community regardless of religion, caste, language, region, culture, sex, age, profession, economic strata, and so on to be part of the movement and be treated equally. 3. The movement is compl etely SECULAR. Communalism is more dangerous than corruption. Also, the problems of this country cannot be solved without people from all faiths and religions coming together. 4. The volunteers should work in the spirit of SELFLESS serve up to fulfill the dream of realizing a strong Jan Lokpal Act for the country without expecting money, name, fame, recognition, etc. for oneself. 5. India Against Corruption is not a Sangathan or an NGO or any institution.It is a peoples movement, a collective facial expression of the people of India fighting against corruption and seeking a better future. Therefore, the movement cannot have any branches. alternatively than an organizational structure, it seeks to develop an efficient communication structure to enable free flow of ideas. Every person participating in the movement does so as a citizen of India with a burning desire to do something for the country. No person is a representative of Anna Hazare or in any other position. 6. FRATERNITY & UNITY. raft should work with a feeling of brotherhood and avoid conflicts within a group or across groups. The forces opposite us are so powerful. We must stay united if we have to win over them.Deficiencies in the present anti-corruption systems underlying Government levelAt central Government level, there is telephone exchange worry Commission, discussion sectional weather eye and CBI. CVC and Departmental vigilance deal with vigilance (disciplinary proceedings) aspect of a corruption geek and CBI deals with criminal aspect of that case. of import Vigilance Commission CVC is the apex body for all vigilance cases in Government of India. However, it does not have adequate resources commensurate with the large number of illnesss that it receives. CVC is a very small set up with a staff strength less than 200. It is supposed to check corruption in more than 1500 central government departments and ministries, some of them being as big as underlying Excise, Railways, Income Tax etc. Therefore, it has to depend on the vigilance wings of respective departments and forwards most of the complaints for interrogative and report to them. While it monitors the progress of these complaints, there is delay and the complainants are often disturbed by this.It directly postulates into a few complaints on its own, especially when it suspects motivated delays or where senior officials could be implicated. But presumptuousness the constraints of manpower, such number is rattling small. CVC is merely an advisory body. Central Government Departments seek CVCs advice on various corruption cases. However, they are free to accept or reject CVCs advice. Even in those cases, which are directly intercommunicated into by the CVC, it can only advise government. CVC mentions these cases of non-acceptance in its monthly reports and the Annual inform to Parliament. But these are not much in focus in Parliamentary debates or by the media. Experience shows that CVCs advice t o initiate prosecution is rarely accepted and whenever CVC advised major penalty, it was reduced to pocket-sized penalty. Therefore, CVC can hardly be treated as an effective deterrent against corruption. CVC cannot direct CBI to initiate enquiries against any officer of the level of Joint Secretary and above on its own. The CBI has to seek the permission of that department, which obviously would not be granted if the senior officers of that department are involved and they could delay the case or see to it that permission would not be granted. CVC does not have powers to register criminal case. It deals only with vigilance or disciplinary matters. It does not have powers over politicians. If there is an involvement of a politician in any case, CVC could at best bring it to the notice of the Government. There are several cases of serious corruption in which officials and political executive areinvolved together. It does not have any direct powers over departmental vigilance wing s. Often it is seen that CVC forwards a complaint to a department and then keeps sending reminders to them to enquire and send report. Many a times, the departments just do not comply. CVC does not have any really effective powers over them to seek compliance of its orders. CVC does not have administrative avow over officials in vigilance wings of various central government departments to which it forwards corruption complaints.Though the government does refer CVC before appointing the Chief Vigilance Officers of various departments, however, the final decision lies with the government. Also, the officials below CVO are appointed/transferred by that department only. Only in exceptional cases, if the CVO chooses to bring it to the notice of CVC, CVC could bring pressure on the Department to revoke orders but again such recommendations are not binding. Appointments to CVC are directly under the keep in line of control political party, though the leader of the Opposition is a me mber of the Committee to select CVC and VCs. But the Committee only considers names put up before it and that is decided by the Government. The appointments are opaque. Therefore, though CVC is relatively independent in its functioning, it neither has resources nor powers to enquire and take action on complaints of corruption in a manner that meets the expectations of people or act as an effective deterrence against corruption. Departmental Vigilance Wings Each Department has a vigilance wing, which is manned by officials from the aforesaid(prenominal) department (barring a few which have an outsider as Chief Vigilance Officer. However, all the officers under him belong to the same department). Since the officers in the vigilance wing of a department are from the same department and they can be posted to any position in that department anytime, it is practically impossible for them to be independent and objective while inquiring into complaints against their colleagues and seniors .If a complaint is received against a senior officer, it is impossible to enquire into that complaint because an officer who is in vigilance today might get posted under that senior officer some time in future. There have been instances of the officials posted in vigilance wing by that department having had a very corrupt past. While in vigilance, they try to scuttle all cases against themselves. They also turn vigilance wing into a hub of corruption, where cases are closed forconsideration. Departmental vigilance does not investigate into criminal aspect of any case. It does not have the powers to register an FIR. They also do not have any powers against politicians. Since the vigilance wing is directly under the control of the Head of that Department, it is practically impossible for them to enquire against senior officials of that department. Therefore, , the vigilance wing of any department is seen to softpedal on genuine complaints or used to enquire against inconvenient o fficers. CBI CBI has powers of a police station to investigate and register FIR. It can investigate any case related to a Central Government department on its own or any case referred to it by any state government or any court. CBI is overburdened and does not accept cases even where amount of defalcation is alleged to be around Rs 1 crore. CBI is directly under the administrative control of Central Government. So, if a complaint pertains to any minister or politician who is part of a ruling coalition or a bureaucrat who is close to them, CBIs credibility has suffered and there is increasing public perception that it cannot do a fair investigation and that it is influenced to to scuttle these cases. Again, because CBI is directly under the control of Central Government, CBI is perceived to have been often used to settle scores against inconvenient politicians.Therefore, if a citizen wants to make a complaint about corruption by a politician or an official in the Central Governmen t, there isnt a single anti-corruption agency which is effective and independent of the government, whose wrongdoings are sought to be investigated. CBI has powers but it is not independent. CVC is independent but it does not have sufficient powers or resources.ConclusionWe are all part of this historic movement to eradicate corruption. Together, under the leadership of Anna Hazare, the Jan Lokpal Bill a strong law to ensure swift and certain punishment to the corrupt political leaders and government officials is being drafted. Jan Lokpal Bill is a Law being made by the people and for the people. The success of this campaign depends entirely on us. So we have to support the fight for effective Jan Lokpal Bill.Referenceshttp//www.google.co.in/http//www.wikipedia.org/http//www.indiaagainstcorruption.org