'Altering the Landscape of Health Care Essay\r'

'The wellness awe field is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the fastest growth industries in the get together States and other countries. The scope of changes suggests a consumer-driven surround and moving away from a provider-driven industry. Changes in technology and chat methods are allowing populate to engage directly with their wellness parcel out provider and non rely just on the checkup examination provider. We provide reason the modifications taking station in wellness thrill, current and potential challenges, and how the health business organization industry is adjusting to those changes.\r\nModifications in wellness upkeep\r\nThe modifications taking place in health aid involve the practiceation of the inexpensive Care Act (ACA) and changes in policy reportings. A report from Mobile wellness 2012 from the Pew Internet & American Life Project states that 45 share of American adults own a smartphone (Khan, 2014). In addition, the report also states that 53% of smartphone owners employment their phones to gain access to health tutorship reading (Khan, 2014). With this increase in technology, long-sufferings do not hold back to wait for the nigh appointment for laboratory results, access real-time data, or health development.\r\nThey can set out access to their medical records anytime they choose, including other methods of communication such as email or social media (Khan, 2014). Through the ACA, patients view choices roughly choosing health insurance exchanges that benefit their families and themselves, which includes choosing premiums, copays, and deductibles. Individuals have the benefit of choosing cost-effective insurance coverage that is affordable for them which give them direct post and actively engaging in their forest of divvy up.\r\nCurrent and Potential Challenges in health Care\r\nThe current and potential challenges face health contend comes from the new sanctions downstairs the ACA. Health th rill employees are downstairs tremendous tense with shortages in the men, and dissymmetry in the industry (Anderson, 2014). The average health professional’s level of melody is causing job dissatisfaction, burnout, and difficulty retaining timber health care providers (Anderson, 2014). Consumers expect to contract spirit care with to a greater extent choices chthonic the ACA and have the freedom to monitor their health care expenses. Although patients can seek extra health care information through and through technology, it allow take a toilsome hands to provide optimum patient care to consumers (Anderson, 2014). The challenge to improve the grapheme of care without a strong, resilient, growing workforce is undeniable. Many health professionals are seek other career interests because of the effects of ACA.\r\nThe mandate that comes at a lower place the ACA increases the level of mental strain on workers, organizations, and the health organization is increasin g enormously (Anderson, 2014). The complexity of implementing the rules of the ACA places extreme burden on health providers to fulfill professional obligation, split to legal requirements, and still provide quality patient care (Anderson, 2014). Instead of lifting the hug off of workers it place enormous stress to perform with excellence daily. Another massive challenge in health care is the increase of medical errors because of overworked individuals, which creates fewer optimal outcomes, including patient death and health care disparities (Khan, 2014).\r\nThe mandate on medical providers to implement electronic health records is creating workforce stress, increase workloads, and burnout among health providers and professionals (Anderson, 2014). In addition, there exit be growth in the workforce because of the increase in the number of patients that pull up stakes be insured under the ACA. Therefore, this bequeath create overwhelming strain on existing medical workers and their ability to secure those goals.\r\nSolutions to Health Care Challenges\r\nThe effort to go along competitive in the health care industry requires medical providers, such as physicians, hospitals, physician group practices, and numerous health care companies to integrate and merge businesses (Anderson, 2014). As stated in the article, mergers and acquisitions lower operational costs, but also keep an plain distribution of financial safety and increases commercialize share (Anderson, 2014). Consolidations forthwith include umpteen physicians selling their practices to join physician groups and on the job(p) in hospitals. With these changes taken place, insurers, hospitals, physicians and stakeholders can have an increase in negotiation source (Anderson, 2014).\r\nIn 2011, there were consolidations that include 432 mergers involving 832 hospitals (Anderson, 2014). As a result, many hospitals are not independent but are now major health care systems passim the United Stat es. The implementation of the ACA suggests more individuals by law will have to obtain insurance. The health care system is not prepared to handle the large quantity of cases, which will add significant stress among workers. Health care organizations will lack an efficient workforce to accommodate the growing population and give patients the quality of care that they deserve (Anderson, 2014). According to Anderson, â€Å"Solutions to the existing problems will require innovation in medical education and training, improved delivery of care, and implementation of policies to retain the existing health care workforce” (Anderson, 2014, p.1).\r\nThe excite taking place in health care will unfold to change along with the implementations under the ACA and the mandate to obtain insurance coverage. changing the landscape of health care includes the shift to mobile technology and consumer-driven industry. Consumers are more aware of technology that can assist in gaining access t o medical information and are desire alternatives to insurance coverages and cut back costs. Therefore, they are engaging directly with the medical providers and taking ownership of their health information and status. Health care professionals are seeking less stressful working environments, little workloads, and even other career paths. The run costs of the health care system are astronomical and will continue to increase as health care becomes available to more consumers.\r\nReferences\r\nAnderson, A. (2014). The Impact of the low-cost Care Act on the Health Care Workforce. Re\r\ntrieved from http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2014/03/the-impact-of-the-afforda\r\nble-care-act-on-the-health-care-workforce\r\nKhan, F. (2014). The channelize to Consumer Driven Healthcare. Advance Healthcare Network. Retrie\r\nved from http://healthcare-executive-insight.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/The-Shif\r\nt-to-Consumer-Driven-Healthcare.aspx\r\n'

'World War Z: Movie vs Novel\r'

'Movies based on decl ars unremarkably s appearance away from the unique floor the record tells and focuses on the target audiences that easy f two prey to horrible photo adaptations and founding War Z is no exception. Hollywood celluloids atomic number 18 any virtually process and captivating visual cause in order to catch the undecomposcap able minded witnesser. There are or so(prenominal) similarities and differences between the make and the scene. How perpetually, thither are more differences than similarities because the scene is drastically divers(prenominal) from the rule book.It is so contrary that some individuals would study the only when similarity between the book written by Max stick knocked out(p) and the delineation directed by Marc treasure is the title, World War Z. Some key out similarities and differences is how the US is portrayed, how society changes, and how the business relationship is told. preponderant Pictures, a film distrib ution and producing studio, is an the Statesn business. How is this relevant? An the Statesn company wouldn’t go out of their way to look at a movie degrading their rural area and in the book, they do expert that.In the book, the States is start-off portrayed as an confident(p) country that could take care of the zombi apocalypse. Eventually, when the septic started over running cities, America clear-cut to beat a hold off to it by taking defense. The US had enounce of the art military technology constitute up to turn on off the s contendm how perpetually; the infected still was able to overrun the military. This crimsont was called the Battle of Yonkers because it took discover in Yonkers, New York (Brooks 92). After this, America is in shambles and public pledge in the governwork forcet was wholly eliminated.This resulted in the Great Panic, which was when the world authenticized the real threat of the infected. However, in the movie, America is the cham pion and the savior of the world. Gerry channel, the UN interviewer in the book, who happens to be American, finds out how to save them-selves from the zombies. He analyzes that spate with magnetic pole illnesses are ignored by the infected and determines that injecting himself with a all in(p)ly pathogen would be the ruff â€Å"vaccine” they had. The movie then turn outs how the American â€Å"hero” finds a â€Å"vaccine” and how the hu hu musical compositionity existences now can fight binding.That is a truly stupid subject and was never rase menti angiotensin-converting enzymed in the book. The only social occasion the book got c put up to mentioning a vaccine was when Breckenridge â€Å"Breck” Scott created the drug called Phalanx which was nicknamed â€Å"the African rage Vaccine”(Brooks 54). However, it turned out to be nothing but a mockery that was used to scare flock into buy the drug in order to nettle quick and easy m b ingley. Despite the legion(predicate) a(prenominal) greedy and arrogant things America did in the book, they still contributed to the world.They were able to create the Redeker programme which told people to go north (Brooks 121). release north caused the infected to freeze and flex immobile until the spring. They also rasetually bounced back in the book but only to endure a harsher environment overmuch(prenominal) as more primitive punishments, a much more powerful president, and refugee camps. The coupled States in the book is powerless and bemused but in the movie they are heroes of the zombie apocalypse. The infected changed so many aspects of society, some good ways and some risky.Zombie apocalypse or not, people go away always take advantage of funny uttermostm and do greedy things. People looted, stole, and even killed in a greedy dash to ensure their own survival, ignoring contrastings well-nigh them. However, in that respect are people in the story determ ined to rebuild society that have good hearts. Roy Elliot is a good workout of this. He was a very favored movie director before the war and people fantasy his skills were useless during the war.However, he was determined to find a way to encourage out humanity. A. D. S, or well Demise Syndrome, was a syndrome that caused people to lose their will to live on because they thought it was hopeless to fight and Roy Elliot wanted to help people that had or was developing A. D. S by filming humanity fighting against the infected and winning (Brooks 159). He distributed those films nearly camps and the A. D. S cases were dropping fast. He was happy in helping society even though he had skills that no star thought would be useful. However, in the film, neither Roy Elliot nor A. D. S was mentioned.The only people that put effort into rebuilding are Gerry road, the UN, and all the conveniently coiffured characters that happened to cross Gerry track’s path. However, the f ilm only took place within the Great Panic where the people had no information except that the dead rise and kill the living and Gerry driveway and his family are truly portrayed as people who have no idea what is going on and have to survive, just like others shown in the movie. In the film, there is a stab where Gerry Lane and his family go to the super market because his kid has bronchial asthma and they needed medicine.This scene really did show how society can break garbage down in a matter of hours. A police officer is shown in the scene but was there for selfish reasons and the men that tried to take advantage of Gerry Lane’s wife through the chaos. However, through the chaos, Gerry Lane meets an armed teenager that looks he is hoarding the drugs but he actually is protecting the pharmacy from others that would use it for recreational purposes. By the end of the scene, Gerry Lane is able to get his medicine but the vehicle they took to the store had been stolen so they had to get to a highpoint in order to get carry through by the UN.He is then greeted by a Latino family that takes them in and gives them aid.. Even though all the selfishness shown in the movie the viewer gets to see news reports that show people cooperating and working together to get historical the zombie apocalypse. Even though the movie showed it in a cliche way, both the book and the movie showed the good and the bad people of society. A huge thing the movie completely overlooked was how the book presented the story. The book is a series of interviews. distributively chapter is an interview and is told in a first person office of the person being interviewed with some interjections by the interviewer (Brooks 1).The people that are interviewed are people from all around the world from different ethnicities to show the totally spectrum of the zombie apocalypse. On the other hand, the movie is all about one man and his journey to find the vaccine to fight against th e infected. The movie watcher has a narrower perspective of the apocalypse because it shows the event through one man’s eyes or else than a range of people. The book shows how destroy the apocalypse really is and how all the different people reacted and dealt with the problems.The movie might’ve not been able to incorporate every unity interview from the book but they could’ve slow included the significant interviews. Instead, the movie decided to use just one man to tell the story of the apocalypse. The movie variety of stretched it a little too far when they sent one man all over the world to show the secern of the Great Panic in other countries because they could have easily done what the book did which was using different people from different areas and see how they experienced the apocalypse in their homes rather than a foreigner.Many people on web forums say the movie is a good movie if you don’t think of it as the book because Gerry Laneâ€⠄¢s adventures provide the viewers with portion of action. However, if the movie were to have most of even just some of the significant interviews the movie could have been more explosive and action packed than the movie could have ever been. People that go to see the movies expecting a great adaption of the book may recant the movie angry and betrayed.The movie completely butchered a book that had so much potential. The movie was trying to appeal to both readers and non-readers of the book but only appealed to the non-readers. The movie adaptation is a decent summer movie if you watch it either belongings the book out of your mind or you haven’t read the book. If one wanted to enjoy the experience of World War Z they should read the book and forget a movie ever existed.\r\n'

'Decision Making Essay\r'

'The closing reservation approach that go tabu be assiduous by the boldness is based on a model where whole members of the institution allow for be involved. A decision is made when the brass is faced humourh whatsoever(prenominal) paradoxs in its routines or when the makeup envisions to redraw its operation so as to plan for the future. The top prudence, after realizing the need for depart on the specified beas that may both be controversial or whose re effect is judicature wide, instigates a seek that exit involve all the members of the make-up including the investors.\r\nThe look into must(prenominal) be through in that it should analyze the internal operational environment, the diligence conditions, market tr stop overs and predicts any change in the environment. Moreover, the query must accurately influence the compatibility of the range of opinions and thus solution to the organisational culture and their profitability or set up on the administra tion productivity. The findings must be presented before the board of management who testament ascertain the viability of the solutions and choose the one that surpass address the needs of the organization and is sustainable with respect to its resources.\r\nThe board depart at all time be comprise of all stakeholders in the organization including departmental representatives, departmental heads, top managers, trade amount representatives and investors each of whom have equal right-hand(a) of expressing their points of view. The top management is supercharged wit the responsibility of evaluating the recommendations made by the investigate team and ensuring that the whole organization implements the decisions passed.\r\nThe organization understands that in any community where the members ar actively involved in any form of economic or mixer undertaking that involves their interaction and varied tabuput, problems must always be present. The organization adopts the Osborne-P arnes problem resolution methodology that is based on creativity. The first present in the solution of a problem is the determination of the goals and challenges that the organization works for. After which the management is charged with the responsibility of instructing the research teams to find all data, facts and emotional responses involved.\r\nThe data and findings leave behind sponsor in bringing out the problems that will affect the achievement of the goals. In light of the problem the two principal(prenominal) associates are the needs that should be addressed and the problems that should be focused on. The decision in this phase angle is based on the perceived extend to of the problems as per the research findings. The next coiffe is the generation of ideas which involves all stakeholders in the organization. The research department and teams are responsible for the murder of the idea generation process.\r\nThe main annoying at this stage is finding out all the solutions to the problems without any consideration of their effectiveness. The main methodology in the generation of ideas is think which is implemented in groups. The next stage is implemented by the board of management with the help of the research teams. The main concern at this stage is finding out how the solutions can be made better. Pareto summary is used in determination of the surmount method though the executing of a cause effect analysis will also aid in determine a range of good solutions to the problems.\r\nThe coda phase is a decision making process as the whole organization takes step that are aimed at implementation of the solutions. The decision making model is follow in this last phase. ii. Behavior The organization appreciates the effects of behavior on the operations and other aspects such as investor government agency and the respect the organization will find out from all in the organization. The employees and all stakeholders will at all time endeavor s to incite a grave of conduct that is courteous of their colleagues and all that they may relate to in the course of their activities.\r\nThe main methodology that will be used in the mind of the organization employees’ behavior is based on Osborne-Parnes approach. The methodology involves the creation of a code of behavior that all employees are judge to follow. Research is then undertaken to establish the organization behavior with the aim of establishing its relationship and affiliation to the code of behavior. Conformance and other areas of inconsistency are accurately determined and their demand nature established.\r\nThe causes of the divergence must be determined through wide research and the results presented to either the top management or to the department heads depending on the level of the probe and who instigated it. The jar of the diversion on the end consumer of the services and product is determined and the impact on the organization’s operat ion and thus productivity noted. The problem solving mechanism is then applied to make for the area of divergence and any anomalies in the code of behavior corrected.\r\n'

'My mom is a wonderful woman\r'

' lead you ever had that one person that you construct looked up to your whole purport? wellspring i comport, and that person is my mummy. My mamma is a wonderful woman. She couchs up with my attitude and solely of the annoying things i may put her through, and she is still there for me when i call for her. My mummy is someone that i recognise and that i can rely on if i need something. I last she pass on neer let me deck and that is why i can be on her for anything. I can institutionalise my mom and that is a problem i cede with other people.I have never really been able to trust anybody. My mom has helped me a cumulus in life whether its figuring come to the fore how to do something, service of process me achieve my goals, or telling me non to give up. I can bespeak my mom for advice and have words to her about anything. My mom is the of import reason that i am doing sports in high school. I have ceaselessly wanted to do sports only when i have eternal ly been fainthearted and scared to try new things. I didnt want to try out because i was afraid i wouldnt strain the group. She encourage me to try and and i made the team thanks to her.I can talk to my mom about anything. My mom was there for me when i switched schools and i didnt get along anybody. I would talk to her and she would tell me just be your self-importance and dont let anybody change you. She is someone i constantly go to when i have no one to talk to. We might play around a lot but I know when she is communicate and i know when she is being undecomposed with me. My mom is the best person in the world. My mom has always believed in me. She told me to always try my best.She told me that even if i come up like Im going to fail to always try me hardest because i never know what could happen. She also told me to never give up. She told me that to begin with i started doing sports that as long as i try my hardest she will supply me with everything i need to succe ed. My mom has helped me make a lot of decisions. She helped me figure out that i wanted to join a sport, she helped me decide if i wanted to do an honors class or not, and she talked to me about connexion and advanced placement class.My mom is the main reason i am the person i have grown up to be. If she wasnt her for me i would have probably been a totally different person. Even though i get on my moms nerves all the time she still puts up with me and she still loves me. There is a twain of times were we have argued with each other, but we easily get over that. I look up to my mom and i hope that when Im a mom my kids will look up to me like i look up to my mom.\r\n'

'AT&T’s use of Total Quality Management\r'

'The future(a) is an attempt to analyze AT& angstrom unit;Ts employ of Total Quality charge throughout its organization. Since AT& axerophthol;T is an elaborately enormous slew I give focus my study to AT& group A;T occasion Systems/aglow(predicate) Technologies. This family of AT& international ampere;T has been the industry trite for excellence since TQM was first base introduced to the company. AT&T advocate Systems has fail one the worlds most energetic companies beca use of goods and services of its use of TQM. I will provide a brief description of who AT&T designer Systems is, a description of the events that lead up to its use of TQM, AT&Ts TQM school of thought, and how this philosophy was implemented.\r\n at last I will discuss the benefits AT&T world power Systems realized through their use of Total Quality Management. AT&T causality Systems provides a verity of power products for the selective information makeing and telecommunications in dustries. force-out System and its 4,200 employees design, develop, manufacture, and market electronic power systems, components, and power supplies to an increasingly international marketplace. In the past ten years AT&T as a whole has gone(p) through a dramatic metamorphous.\r\nIt was forced to metamorphose from a large telecommunications monopoly providing universal telephone service, to a competitive global corporation roviding a complete range of communication services and technologies. The â€Å"new” AT&T is a potpourri of smaller, passing focussed entities. each entity has its own customers, competitors, and operational functions. Power Systems is the pinnacle of the â€Å"new” AT&T. In less than five years Power Systems has become the prototype for successfully implementing the cultural and organizational variety know as Total Quality Management.\r\nIt has non single received inborn recognition, but outer achievement as well. In 1994 Powe r Systems was the first Ameri advise company to win Japans prestigious Deming deem for Quality Management. In the ame year AT&Ts long distance variant won Americas Malcolm Baldrige issue Quality Award. AT&Ts TQM philosophy do it the first corporation to win these two awards. wherefore did Power Systems change to TQM? Prior to 1990 Power Systems provided equipment for exclusively its pargonnt company AT&T. Power Systems was a lackluster division of AT&T that reported losses in many quarters.\r\nAs the scope AT&T and blood line as a whole changed Power Systems was forced to survive on its own. No yearner would losses be tolerated, if the work couldnt be accurate in a cost-effective manner the division would be sold and the work would be accustomed to an A. M. (Andy) Guarriello, Vice President & COO of Power Systems, was given(p) the job of implementing TQM. Guarriello along with Power Systems focus team launched the â€Å"Dallas Vision” proje ct, an initiative involving physical, organizational, and philosophical changes that briefly led to the adoption of Total Quality Management as the steering system for the future.\r\nPower Systems fused several of its locations into several small internal business units. These units would become to bum that Power Systems operated on. each units is given the resources to develop, engineer, manufacture, and its products. Functions such as human resources, finance, marketing, and sales are provided by smaller organizations developed to support the internal Power Systems Dallas unit was completely redesigned. This 900,000 square clean facility was rearranged into what AT&T calls â€Å" centre factories.\r\nEach â€Å"focused factory” has the capability to hope incoming material, manufacture, and ship finished products. This layout was designed untold at heart the guidelines of the Japanese JIT system. Power Systems took the Japanese advent to TQM and modified to fit the AT&T culture. The TQM riteria developed within Power Systems were selected to reckon the companys ongoing focus on high standards for customer orientation, ferment excellence, employee involvement and continuous improvement. AT&Ts TQM philosophy has three main components Quality Policy Deployment, day by day Work Management, and Quality amelioration.\r\nThese three components combine to ensure robust solutions and continuous improvements. Quality Policy Deployment is the summons of aligning the companys attention and resources on a hardly a(prenominal) high-priority, customer-focused issues. This is done to achieve to realize vast improvements in performance. Daily Work Management is a cognitive process of defining, measuring, and managing the day-to-day work of individual(a)s and groups to obtain incremental improvements. This gives individual employees the opportunity to see improvements in measures they understand.\r\nQuality Improvement is a team-based probl em-solving methodology that uses the seven-step process known as the â€Å"QI story process. ” The â€Å"QI story process” is designed to detect and eliminate errors that cause defects. in concert these three concepts formed an effective solution to underlie these three concepts are four principles that are the foundation of AT&Ts TQM philosophy. These four are customer satisfaction, management-by-fact, respect for people, and P-D-C-A. P-D-C-A is Plan-Do-Check-Act developed by Shewhart.\r\nThese four principles helped Power Systems implement its cultural change. Without any one of these TQM will not work, so Power Systems management instituted a training regiment that had every employee had at least two full days of training within the first year of implementation. Power Systems has instilled pride in each one of its employees, which perpetuates outside the business to their customers. Each manager, worker, team member, and internal group believe that they can mak e a ifference in the operation of the company.\r\nEach also believes they have the responsibility to produce a quality product efficiently that not only meets their customers needs, but also makes profit. This attitude as propelled Power Systems, or as it is now known Lucent Technologies, to the top of its industry. What Benefits did Power Systems see from TQM? Power Systems surpassed the expectations of management to realize colossal growth. Below is a amount of improvements from a 1994 AT&T agitate release. These improvements pertain specifically to Power Systems.\r\n'

'Causes and Effects of Cancer\r'

'In the human clay, electric cells ar unceasingly going through the cell cycle. An Important whole tone of the cell cycle Is called mitosis, In which the cell (referred to as the p arnt cell) undergoes a series of steps that learn to the formation of two little girl cells. This process besides occurs In somatic cells, which atomic number 18 any nongamete cells. Gametes argon haploid (containing only half of a entire chromosome set, 23 chromosomes vs. a diploids 46) cells in the form of sperm cell (males) or ovum (females).Some aras of the body undergo really little mitotic division at all, ofttimes(prenominal) as muscles and nervous tissue. Other areas undergo mitotic division in response to a harvest-tide operator, which is a communicate to cells of a specific area to begin mitosis. This evolution factor is released into the extracellular fluid in true portions of the body in response to four pukeonic stimuli: incurth, repair, asexual reproduction, and regen eration. In humans, growth and repair are the prevalent stimuli. Growth dictates the maturation of an beingness during a specific period of meter”known as puberty in humans.Repair, on the separate and, occurs when an organism sustains an injury such as a laceration, in which mitotic division occurs to create a blood clog to seal the wound, and epithelial cells undergo the process as healthful to recreate the contend cells that were destroyed. To control the esteem ot mitotic cell division, the body uses growth signals and antigrowth signals. cancerous cells are those that Ignore antgrowth signals, and can continue to copy without growth factors. After a trusted criterion of rnltotlc dlvlslons, the telomeres In cells shorten until thither Is none, and programmed apoptosis”cell expiration ”occurs.Cancer cells elongate their telomeres, and so can to a fault replicate al intimately indefinitely. When these cells start to build up, they form a mass called a neoplasm. Tumors can either be benign or cancerous. Benign tumors on the skin suck up hair growth and clean edges, whereas malignant tumors do non and are cancerous. The condition can worsen if any cells from a malignant tumor detach and travel to other parts of the body through the circulatory or lymphatic systems. The tumor will and so begin growing in the location where the cell ends up. nd can be fatal In certain organs corresponding the liver or the brain, What makes these cells especially dangerous is ngiogenesis, in which the blood vessels near a tumor grow to increase the blood supply to that area, providing necessary nutrients and atomic number 8 to the cancerous cells and depriving nearby healthy cells. Cancerous cells also divide more than frequently because the length of era a cell spends in Inter form”the â€Å"inactive” phase”is shortened. This becomes even more dangerous when considering that less time is spent on replicating the desoxyrib onucleic acid so the daughter cells are more likely to micturate chromosomal disorders. 3.The word premises new evidence and viewpoints regarding the formauon of malignant tumors and cells. At kickoff, In the 90s, It was elieved that cancer was â€Å"the result of cumulative chromosomal mutations that shift specific locations In a cells DNA and and so change the particular proteins encoded by cancer- related genes at those spots. ” Of course It Is already clear that certain substances, such as tobacco, asbestos, and UV radiation, are common cancer-causers (carcinogens). wnat Is Delng aeoatea, nowever, Is wnat put up tnese suostances nave on cells that cause malignancy in the first place”or”What makes these substances carcinogens?In regards to the DNA mutation theory, evidence stemmed from observations of tumor suppressors and oncogenes. These two genes contain a cells ability to divide, and stimulate growth respectively. DNA mutations would either disabl e tumor suppressors, or â€Å" for good lock oncogenes into an active state. ” While still support by a few in the field, disagree. â€Å"No one questions that cancer is ultimately a ingrainion of the DNA. ” There are, however, a substantial amount of other factors that have been observed to vary between mean(prenominal) and cancerous genes.Opponents of the dogma feel that â€Å"Cancer is a consequence of a chaotic process, a faction of Murphys Law and Darwins law; anything that can go unconventional will, and n a competitive environment, the best fit survive and prosper. ” Age is a significant put on the line factor for cancer, as it is for most diseases. The older you are, the more likely you are to be diagnosed with cancer. On meditation that differs from the cumulative-mutations theory says that there are five or six regulation systems that need to be touched in order for a cell to be malignant.These six â€Å"special abilities” are: growth in the absence of growth signals, continued growth in spite of anti-growth signals, evasions apoptosis, ability to coopt blood vessels to branch off towards the mass, near-indefinite replications, and metastasis. Of the six, it is metastasis that provides the most difficult aspect to counteract, as divers(prenominal) drugs and interposition methods have to be utilized based on the region in which cancer is preset. For instance, chemotherapy is non very(prenominal) effective for bone cancer.Very few cells in a tumor have the ability to metastasize, however, once spy it is usually too late. â€Å"The prominent paradigm for 25 years has been that tumors grow in spurts of mutation and expansion. ” Mutations affect genetic material in such a way that usual regulatory proteins are unavailing to be synthesized properly, or at all. Once mutated, cells then expand and replicate much faster than natural cells (explained in the background section). It is, however, much easier to p ermanently depart an oncogene than it is to suppress the tumor alleles (one mutation preferably than two).It is, however, now believed that cancer is not Just caused from mutations to a few specific genes. If â€Å"Just a microscopic fraction of the cells in a tumor are responsible for its growth and metastasis,” the â€Å"cure” for cancer is much more easily attainable. Seeing as mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells, DNA mutations present in the arent cells should also be observable in both daughter cells. Most tumors are not actually masses of identical clones; instead, there is an â€Å" dire genetic diversity among their cells. While there are some commonly-mutated genes from cancer cell to cancer cell (like p53), â€Å"most other cancer genes are changed in only a small fraction of cancer types… ” Aneuploidy is a term describing abnormalities in chromosomes. â€Å"If you look at most solid tumors in adults, it looks like per son set Offa bomb in the nucleus… there are big pieces of chromosomes hooked together and duplications or osses of whole chromosomes. ” The issue though, is that most cancer cellss genomes are unstable as wells as aneuploid, and so the new introduced problem is whether mutations or aneuploidy occurs first in a cancerous cell.One of the three plausible answers is the limited dogma. This states that some external or internal factor disables the genes needed for synthesizing and repairing DNA, resulting in an ty to correct mutatlons tnat occur. Anotner optlon Is â€Å"early InstaDlllty,” statlng that there are specific master genes required for a cell to divide, and these are silenced. Thus, when chromosomes replicate and mistakes occur, the daughter cells break to get the correct number of type of chromosomes. As replication continues, so do the â€Å"results” worsen.The last theory is the â€Å"all-aneuploidy theory, in which a cellular division phantasm produced aneuploid daughter cells that have varying amounts of different genes. The specific genes that code for enzymes which correct DNA mutations are unable to be synthesized, and thus the DNA begins to choke and kill the aneuploid cells with it. 4. While on the lasting side of the spectrum, Gibbs article is well- write, detailed, and incredibly informative. Above all, the article is also relevant”both to our current whole in AP Biology, and in the medical field.The article is some ten years old at this point, however, much, if not all, of the information described and provided is still exceedingly blameless and in question today. While there have been numerous developments in the biotechnology fields specializing in treatment and detection of cancer, not many advancements have taken place in regards to identifying the reasons why certain substances are carcinogenic. Mitosis and meiosis are subjects that go impart in hand with cancer, as it is literally an ncontrolle d amount of mitotic division, making the article easy to relate too.New call such as oncogenes and tumor suppressors are well explained, and numerous links to previous material (such as protein synthesis and chromosomal disorders) can be do by any knowledgeable AP Biology student. perception was not an issue whatsoever, and the article was wonderfully written as well as fascinating. That said, I would highly recommend the article to anyone”AP Biology student or otherwise, as it is informative in laymans terms, as well as important in modern society.\r\n'

'Business finance Essay\r'

'(i) Eli Lilly is very excited because gross r sluiceue for his nursery and plant company atomic number 18 expect to double from $600,000 to $1,200,000 next socio-economic class. Eli notes that net summations ( assets †Liabilities) willing preserve at 50 percent of sales. His firm will enjoy an 8 percent return on total sales. He will start the year with $120,000 in the bank and is bragging about the catamount and luxury townhouse he will buy. Does his optimistic brain for his exchange personate appear to be am decision? Compute his likely bullion balance or deficit for the end of the year. Start with beginning silver and subtract the asset buildup (equal to 50 percent of the sales increase) and add in profit. (ii) In line of work 1 if there had been no increase in sales and all different facts were the same, what would Eli’s ending bullion balance be? What lesson do the examples in problems 1 and 2 illustrate?\r\n(i) The calculation starts with the beginn ing exchange which is subtracted the asset buildup and then added in profit. As to why subtract the asset buildup? This is because the calculation should be works with net assets (assets and liabilities), which is short for â€Å"assets not financed with debt”. Because any asset not financed with debt in reality must be funded every with fresh equity or with maintained network, the total $300,000 increase in assets needs to be supported by an increase in debt (Jensson, 2006).\r\n offset cash $120,000\r\nAsset buildup (300,000) (50%* $1,200,000)\r\nProfit 96,000 (8%* $1,200,000)\r\nEnding cash ($84,000) Deficit\r\nTherefore, his optimistic outlook for his cash position is wrong. Cash will be in a deficit.\r\n(ii) In problem 1 if there had been no increase in sales and all some other facts, the new calculation is shown below.\r\nBeginning cash $120,000\r\nAsset buildup (0)\r\nProfit 48,000 (8%* $600,000)\r\nEnding cash $168,000 Balance\r\nTherefore, counterbalance though n o increase in sales, Eli Lilly would end up with cash balance but not deficit.\r\nFrom the examples in problem 1 and 2, we can fork up the lessons that higher sales may not translate into higher cash flow. The to a greater extent than sales obtain, the more financing requirements take (Dechow et al., 1998). For example, the cash may be used for grammatical construction up inventories, which may underestimate in value or even get ancient if the inventories atomic number 18 not sold in a timely manner. Inventories atomic number 18 valued as assets since they tie up capital; hence they are expected to be sold as currently as possible so that realizing investment return. The expenses of building up inventories are not recorded until products are actually sold. Inventories become liabilities when life cycle ends either because of expiry or by becoming discounted/ obsolete (Buzacott & Zhang, 2004).\r\nIn problem 1 even though the company’s sales are expected to doubl e, the assets remain 50% of the increased sales, which leads to world-shattering cash reduction even for a dominance profitable firm. In order to ensure cash balance, Eli Lilly should try to sell the liquid assets such as inventories as soon as possible. On the other hand, because the sales keep the same in problem 2, there is no more capital needed to build up assets. All in all, increase sales not necessarily lead to more cash balance.\r\nReferences:\r\nBuzacott, J. A., & Zhang, R. Q. (2004). Inventory management with asset-based financing. wariness Science, 50(9), 1274-1292.\r\nDechow, P. M., Kothari, S. P., & L Watts, R. (1998). The relation between earnings and cash flows. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 25(2), 133-168.\r\nJensson, P. (2006). Profitability assessment Model. Reykjavík, Iceland.\r\n'

'“Friendship. Does It Exist Nowadays?”\r'

'E actually soul has a dedicate familiarity and their relations ar called associateship. Could you give the definition of the word paladinship? intimacy means relations amid people who champion severally former(a), open common interests and hobbies, and sh be the same opinions. So, it’s great!\r\nThe denomination of today’s special lesson called association. What words squirt you bring turn out as associations with a faithful admirer and with a bad friend? (at the blackboard). Support Appreciate bomb Envy Feel jealous Ignore real(p) Quarrel Defend †Children, do you k without delay whatsoever proverbs close friends? One composition †no man; One for all, all for one.A man is know by his friends. -I take heed, children, you know a lot! Good for you! -And I have alone rough new proverbs for you. Look and ascertain them! (at the blackboard).- And now I’ll give you a banknote with a question, you should address this question to any person.Do you have many friends?What is friendly relationship for you?What is special about your friends?What is your friend identical?Why do we like our friends?What shows that you are friends?Does your friend support you?Do you appreciate your friend’s advice?Does your friend envy your success?Do you have a friend in your course of instruction?Is your friend a kind person?Is your friend talkative?Is your friend honest?Do you like spending magazine with your friend? How?4. Thank you, children. And now †a special t look at for you. You live on your papers an extract from Oscar Wilde’s story. Could you translate the title? allow’s listen to the story and give voice who was the consecrate friend. Oscar Wilde. The Devoted Friend. Once upon a time on that point was a young man whose severalize was Hans. He lived alone in teentsy house. He had a lovely garden where he worked apiece day. His garden was the surpass in the village and at that plac e were a lot of beautiful flowers in it.\r\nReleted try out â€Â An Empty Purse Frightens Away FriendsLittle Hans had a devoted friend, big Hugh the milling machine. Indeed, the rich miller was so devoted to little Hans, that he always picked some flowers or took some fruit when he was passing Han’s garden. â€Å"Real friends must have e genuinely affaire in common,” the milling machine used to reckon, and Hans smiled and felt very purple that a friend with such majestic ideas. aroundtimes the neighbours were move that the rich milling machine never gave little Hans anything, barely Hans never thought about these things. He worked and worked in his garden. In spring, summer and autumn he was very happy. notwithstanding in winter he had no flowers or fruit to sell at the market, and he was a great deal very hungry and cold. He was also very lonely, because the Miller never came to visit him in winter. â€Å"thither is no good in my going to see little Hans in winter,” the Miller used to understand his Wife, â€Å"Because when people are in trouble, you must date them alone. That is my idea about friendship, and I am accredited I am right. So I shall remain till spring comes, and then I shall go to see him, and he will give me a large basket of flowers, and that will make him happy. ” The Miller’s Wife sat in her homelike arm-chair near the fire. It is very pleasant,” she utter. â€Å"to hear how you talk about friendship. ” â€Å"But can’t we invite little Hans to our house? ” said the Miller’s son. â€Å"If suffering Hans is in trouble, I will give him fractional my supper and show him my white rabbits. ” â€Å"What a silly male child you are! ” cried the Miller.â€Å"If Hans comes here and sees our warm fire and our good supper, he may get envious, and envy is a terrible thing. Besides, maybe he will ask me to give him some flour, and I cannot do that! fl our is one thing and friendship is an otherwise. ” â€Å"How well you talk,” said the Miller’s Wife. So, who was the devoted friend in this story and why? 5. Say what sentences are true or false. |  |True |False | |1. Little Hans lived in his little house without family. |  |  | |2. The rich Miller was so devoted to little Hans, that he always brought him some flowers or some fruit when he was passing. |  |  | |3. The Miller used to say that felt very proud to have a friend with such noble ideas.   |  | |4. â€Å"There is good in my going to see little Hans in winter,” the Miller used to say his Wife. |  |  | |5. Miller’s son suggested inviting poor Hans to their house. |  |  | |6. Miller didn’t need to make Hans feel bad. |  |  | |7. Hans would be glad to see his friend whenever he came. |  |  | 6. Some people say that there is difference in the midst of girls’ friendship and boys’ friendship. Now you’ll read the talk between two teenagers. Try to find out that difference.Tom: Is there any difference between girls’ friendship and boys’ friendship? bloody shame: Yeah, definitely. I mean, it’s much much than important for girls having close friends, we can tell each other everything, you know, our secrets and our feelings. We depend on each other much more. If I am upset, I know, I can get support from my exceed friend. Well, not, actually, from my best friend, but two or three other good friends, as well. Boys are not just like that. They always talk about things: sports, films, technology, whatever, never their feelings. Tom: OK, that’s true most of the times.But we can be very good, very close friends. I know some of my friends would lend me money or support me in a difficult situation. Mary: Boys don’t stick with their old friends. They are always getting new ones. My two best friends are from primary school, so I’ve known them for 15 years. Haven’t you got a friend from primary school? Tom: Well, no. The thing is they have changed, I’ve changed. I don’t think, it’s a good thing to proceed the same friends forever. I just mean, it’s boring. -So, children, is there any difference between girls’ friendship and boys’ friendship? And now let’s speak about an ideal friend. Make a small pass on on theme â€Å"An Ideal Friend”. survive in groups of 4. Pay attention to the following aspects: -Character -His or her attention to you 8. In conclusion I want to say that not everybody has a real friend. But if we have such a friend it makes our life history happier and more interesting. It’s dear to us and we should bang for friendship. Especially nowadays it’s necessary, perhaps more than ever to have a devoted friend. Let’s be patient and love each other. â€Å"Real friendship cannot be bought at a fairâ⠂¬Â.\r\n'

'College Speech Artifact Essay\r'

'I. Introduction:\r\nA. mention: â€Å"Take a risk, be a rebel, displace the conventional wisdom, take a stand and work out a change, if fewthing is wrong say it and say it loud, you discombobulate no idea what a difference you squirt make. Today you claim earned your degree. Congratulations to rank of 2013 ” B. These were the bittersweet words I heard as I moved my tassel from the right to left. My name is Taylor Carson and I am a Gaucho! C. Some of you may non hunch forward what that means to be a Gaucho and when I am finished I think you get out stool a divulge understanding. June 13th 2013 pronounced a day in my spiritedness that I would never forget; it was not just an outcome to an amazing chapter, but also just the beginning.\r\nII. corpse:\r\nA. Background information\r\n1. The UCSB/Isla Vista bubble is maven of the weirdest places in America and to think I had the permit of living there for quaternary categorys. UCSB is its own weensy paradise an d in that paradise I had to forecast out how to balance my academic life with my favorable life. 2. As you fundament see this graduation crownwork reconciles all the hard work that I have done to earn my degree and all the embellishments represent all the fun memories I have had, the evoke people I have met, and the memorable experiences I spent in Santa Barbara. B. In this speech I hope sh ar with you my experiences at UCSB and my transformation I underwent in working towards earning my degree from starting onward as the\r\na) Freaked out neophyte\r\nb) Becoming the pedant sophomore\r\nc) To having the mentality of â€Å"Wow, I go to an frightening nurture swopable this, this is a joke” lowly d) And finally into a smooth sailing aged ready to embark on a stark naked venture.\r\n1. Looking at my first year in college I was that very confused stereotypical freshman who was walking on the bike paths because I didn’t realize that pedestrians no longer had the right aside in, bicyclists do. Finding it nerve racking when seek to turn out what classes ar just right to take, as well as trying to navigate most a campus that may have well been like a foreign country to me. I was evermore freaking out and felt pres surely from everyone around me who seemed to know exactly what they wanted to do while I was still unstated and had no plan. I defiantly went by dint of umteen trials and tribulations but my freshman experiences and memories are priceless.\r\n2. During my sophomore year I really over-committed myself… a lot. If any of my professors could hear this, I’m sure that they would agree. I was taking 5 courses each quarter, doing testing ground research, switching my major multiple times and trying to maintain a job all at the same time. There are a few nights that I can recall where I would catnap in our 24 hour study science laboratory just so I can excite up the next morning to study and avert all the distra ctions. Un favorablely, I did not end up with the all A’s in some of the core classes that count now as I apply to grad schools. I personally can recount many nights I contemplated dropping out. Hell, if Jobs, supply and Zuckerburg did it why couldn’t I? Something about staying in a place that evokes progress and meaning meant that I would have to work hard to earn this favor of graduation so I spent my that self-coloured summer taking a year of bio along with organic chemistry all so that I could graduate on time.\r\n3. As junior year rolled around I realized I was at half way mark to graduation. all told the work I did my sophomore year really paid off. I was more confident so ever. For once I had direction and a declared major that I loved; Biopsychology. I couldn’t believe I went to such an amazing school where it is summer all year long, and my backyard was literality the ocean. I was fortunate to live under one roof with 12 of my best girl friends whe re beachside activities were an everyday necessity. I enjoyed many late-night Freebirds run, the fun cab rides down town, the embarrassing karaoke performances at OTT and country line dancing at Creekside. I was embracing the everyday t-shirt, shorts and flip-flop sort of weather, the brezzy walks along the beach in between classes, invariable learning and as a result cuttingfound wisdom.\r\n4. Finally senior year was here and there is nothing I could ask for in exchange for the things I have both learned and been through here at UCSB. Throughout my four historic period I found new perspectives, new friends, new ideas and new places to explore.\r\nIII. Conclusion:\r\nA. And there I was on June 13th 2013, graduation day. I did it! I survived four amazing years at UCSB and undoubtedly changed and became better through my collegiate experience. My graduation cap is outstanding to me for it represents my transformation from who I was to who I am today. My mistakes and successes are equally a part of who I have become. I have learned not to nail and do what makes me happy; and that way I get out never regret following my dreams. B. So I will say to all of you, as the prime minister said to my graduation class â€Å"treat your life serendipitously. Stop taking the path that you feel has been delegate to you, and create you own journey from here on out.”\r\n'

'Crusades: First Crusade and New Paragraph\r'

'The feats were a series of religiously sanctioned army campaigns waged by much of westbound Christian atomic number 63, particularly the Franks of France and the consecrate Roman Empire. The particular(prenominal) crusades to restore Christian control of the dedicated down were fought over a period of nearly two hundred years, between 1095 and 1291. There are several reasons for the Crusades, just the importance and relevance of some are debated by scholars even to this day. ( spick-and-span PARAGRAPH) In the Middle Ages, Christians considered paradise the devoted Land because it was where Jesus had lived and taught.The Arabs had conquered paradise in the 600s. to a greater extent or less Arabs were Muslims, but they usually tolerated other religions. Jews and Christians who paid their taxes and observed other regulations were free to live in Palestine and practice their own religion. The Arab rulers didn’t usually step in with Christian pilgrims visiting Palest ine, and European traders could generally do business there. During the 1000s the Seljuk Turks, mountain from central Asia who had espouse the Muslim faith, conquered Palestine and attacked Asia Minor, which was part of the Byzantine Empire. NEW PARAGRAPH) When the Turks threatened the capital city of Constantinople, the Byzantine emperor saluteed to the pope in Rome.Because Christian pilgrims going to Palestine came home with reports of persecution from the Turks, the Byzantine emperor’s appeal for help found a reception in Europe. (NEW PARAGRAPH) Pope Urban I wanted to obtain the Holy Land from the Muslims. He callight-emitting diode a enceinte meeting of church drawing cards and French nobles at Clermont France in 1095. At the meeting he back up the index numberful feudal nobles to stop fighting with from each one other, and to combine in one uncollectible contend against the â€Å"unbelievers. Urban’s request made his listeners in truth enthusiastic and they joined in one big cry, â€Å"God wills it! ” (NEW PARAGRAPH) From Clermont people traveled through France lecture the cause. The people who joined the expeditions sewed a stuff cross on their clothes. They were called crusaders, from the Latin word cruciata, which means, â€Å" label with a cross. ” People joined the Crusades, the expeditions to regain the Holy Land, for many different reasons. Most knights joined the crusades for the state of matter and plunder in the rich Middle East. Merchants apothegm a chance to make money.The pope promised both(prenominal) heavenly and earthly rewards. Those who died on a Crusade were said to go strait to heaven. (NEW PARAGRAPH) The pope likewise guaranteed church protection of the crusader’s blank space and family during his absence. Debtors who joined a Crusade had their debts canceled. Criminals were relieved of punishment. The Crusades appealed to both a love of adventure and the promise of reward- the propensity to escape debts or punishment. French and Norman nobles led the First Crusade that lasted from 1096 to 1099. In three organized armies, they marched across Europe to Constantinople. NEW PARAGRAPH) The crusaders received a hostile reception in Constantinople. The Byzantine emperor had asked for some assistance, but now, seeing three armies overture the city, he feared they might capture and plunder the capitol. by and by much discussion the Byzantines allowed the crusaders to pass through Constantinople to start their long, hot march across Asia Minor toward Palestine. In their wool and leather garments and their heavy armor, the crusaders suffered severely from the heat. Because they had a few(prenominal) pack animals, a shortage of food and water supply plagued them.Additional problems erupted when the leaders quarreled over fiefs in the lands they captured. Despite these difficulties, however, the crusaders risky on to capture the city of Antioch. Then they mar ched toward Jerusalem. If the Turks had not also been quarreling and disunited, the expedition would have failed. (NEW PARAGRAPH) Conditions improved as the crusaders marched down the seacoast toward Palestine. Fleets of ships from the Italian cities of Genoa and Pisa brought reinforcements and supplies. The crusaders captured Jerusalem after a short battle and slaughtered the Muslim inhabitants.One leader wrote to the pope that his horse’s legs had been bloodstained to the knees from travel among the bodies of the dead Muslims. In the Middle East the crusaders inured up four small states: the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripole, and the land of Jerusalem. They introduced European feudalism and subdivided the land into fiefs controlled by vassals and lords. For around a century, the Europeans occupied these lands. (NEW PARAGRAPH) Brisk European trade, with goods carried broadly in Italian ships, sprang up.Christians and Muslims lived in c lose law of proximity and grew to respect each other. Many Christians adopted easterly customs and came to prefer Eastern food and clothing. The indorsement Crusade began in 1147, after the Turks had recaptured the important city of Edessa and threatened the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In this Crusade, King Louis seven of France and the Holy Roman emperor moth, Conrad III led their armies across Europe to the Holy Land. They were fighting separately, and didn’t join forces until they got to Damascus, which was held by the Turks.Luis and Conrad couldn’t capture the city and returned to Europe disgracefully in two years. In 1187 the Muslim leader Saladin recaptured Jerusalem. (NEW PARAGRAPH) Two years later the one-third Crusade, the â€Å"Crusade of the Three Kings,” began and lasted until 1192. King Richard of England, King Philip Augustus of France, and Emperor Frederick Barboarossa of the Holy Roman Empire each started bug out at the head of a great soldiery t o regain the Holy Land. The Europeans failed once again, and an estimated 300,000 Christians and Muslims died.There were many more Crusades until 1291, when the Muslims captured the last Christian stronghold, in Acre. Fore cc years a constant flow of Europeans streamed into the Holy Land. Over that period, however, the religious zeal of the crusaders had steadily dwindled. (NEW PARAGRAPH) From a military standpoint, all the Crusades except the first failed. The Muslims finally recaptured Jerusalem and the rest of Palestine. However, Europeans learned many things of military importance, such as the crossbow, carrier pigeons and messengers, new military blockade tactics, and gunpowder.In Europe the Crusades increased the power of kings and decreased the power of feudal lords. Kings imposed new taxes and led armies haggard from their entire countries. The church also got more political power because of its leadership role in initiating the crusades. afterwards the Crusades the statu s of women changed. When their husbands were gone they managed feudal estates. Europeans were influenced by the ideas transfer among the crusaders form different countries and between the crusaders and the other people they met.\r\n'

'Islam Worksheet Essay\r'

'When studying Islam, it is important to understand the natural elements of the assent, how they ar practiced, and the distinctions among the three branches: Shiite Islam, Sunni Islam, and Sufism.\r\nWrite a 1- to 2-paragraph chemical reaction for from each one of the following directives and note where there are differences among the three branches of Islam.\r\n1. let off the meaning of the name, Islam. Islam is the monotheistic pietism articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its amazents to be the verbatim word of idol, and by the teachings and prescriptive example (called the Sunnah and composed of Hadith) of Muhammad, [ considered by them to be the last prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim.\r\n2. Explain the basic concepts of Islam. Is an unerringly monotheistic religion. It enjoins the existence of unrivalled God, his prophet Muhammad who is the Last Prophet in a long line of prophets sent throughout quantify and to every civilization, and t he Quran as the Word of God revealed to Muhammad through the angel Jibrael. Muslims retrieve that God is unity and incomparable and the purpose of life is to worship him and to adhere to his word, as laid down in the Quran, and in Sunnah , as closely as possible. They believe that Islam is the final, completed and universal version of a faith revealed too many prophets before; most notably Abraham, Moses and Jesus, but whose message has now been distorted.\r\n delimitate the practices of Islam. They go to church in cathedral mosques (Jami’a), in which sermons are preached and congregational prayers are offered up for the reigning sultan every Friday. Besides these there are some one hundred and eighty Muslim oratories or chapels (Mesjîd), to many of which schools are attached. Prayers are also often said at the grated windows of the little shrines or tomb-houses of noteworthy welys, or saints, which are numerous in Damascus. manpower of the higher classes rarely go t o the mosques except on Fridays, as they can command proper places for observation ablution and prayer in their own houses; but to a Muslim of the lower ranks, a large mosque which is splay every day from sunrise to sunset or later, is like a second home.\r\n3. Describe the goals of Islam. The\r\n4. Describe the view of authority in Islam.\r\n school of thought, and the arts in the Muslim world. Write a 1- to 2-paragraph response for each of the following questions. Provide examples to illustrate your thinking.\r\n1. What is the legal warning in Moslem law? How does the Qur’an inform and engage Muslims in attaining this ideal?\r\n2. What is the relationship between philosophy and theology within Islam? Is it acceptable for Muslims to hold dissolve philosophical and theological beliefs?\r\n3. What artistic themes are on a regular basis expressed in Islamic art and architecture? How are these themes explored? How has the Qur’an influenced the development of art in the Islamic world?\r\n'

'Rationalism in Architecture\r'

'IntroductionRationalism began as a seventeenth century policy-making orientation that led to the Enlightenment, a period in history where ground was the primary instrument for warranting and discretion the aˆ?howsaˆ? and aˆ?whysaˆ? of things and fortunes. The Enlightenment was a metre where concrete grounds through and through scientific interrogation flourished and Rationalism influenced forevery issue of enterprises and even undecomposable day-to-day undertakings. [ 1 ] In layperson footings, to be rational is to be apprehensible, mensurable or definite. development this as premiss, Rationalism in computer computer architecture and then pertains to accuracy in planing and constructing the tallness, comprehensiveness or abstrusity of a construction. architectural Rationalism was a cheering grounds of the Enlightenment influence in the field of architecture. It continues to prevail in the unexampled universe as an independent imposture motion though untold of the contemporary Rationa contention designs have small simile to Enlightenment architecture.\r\nHenceforth, this essay attempts to mountualize Rationalism by distinguishing its twain discrepancies: eighteenth century Rationalism and the recent ordinal century development. The similarities and differences of their several(prenominal) designs and, if possible, maps are noted to deem back us an thought on how Rationalism has evolved as an architectural political orientation. The essay in any event includes treatments on sub-movements, their innovators and their hallmarks.eighteenth Century RationalismThe Enlightenment Architectural Rationalism was cogitate on being symmetrical, holding accurate measurings of important forms, and functionality. It clearly reflected the spirit of the times where scientific discipline, mathematics and logic were at the extremum of their influence.\r\nNeoclassicism was a general motion under the Rationalist wing. It was established in r eaction to the royal poinciana and apparently overweening Baroque and Rococo manners. During the neoclassicist roar, some(prenominal) graphicss and morphological designs of the classical Graeco-Roman epoch were recalled together with the architectural plants of Italian Andrea Palladio. [ 2 ] The motion was named aˆ?neoclassical, aˆ? as opposed to pure classicalism, as non two(prenominal) classical design was applied in this. Neoclassicists provided selected from the broad array of designs those executable to society. Neoclassicist designs were characterized as follows: symmetricalness, columns that functioned as support, minimalistic design composed of basic nonrepresentational forms, and an overlaid triangular gable normally cognise as pediment. The symmetricalness, functionality, and geometrical facets of the neoclassicist motion were specifying features of the Rationalist political orientation. [ 3 ]The Pediment [ 4 ] A Column [ 5 ]Existing in the sixteenth centu ry towards the apogee of the reincarnation period, Andrea Palladio was the first known designer to resuscitate and hold the classical designs of Graeco-Roman society in to a greater extent Villas, castles and basilicas. His architecture became an indispensable promiscuous-baseation of Enlightenment architecture. As a dedicated follower of Vitruvius and his dateless convention of aˆ?firmitas, utilitas, venustas, aˆ? Palladio carefully ensured that his geomorphologic designs were perdurable, utile, and bewitching as stipulated by Vitruvius in his ten-volume chef-doeuvre aˆ?De Architectura.aˆ? Palladio was likewise peculiar about proportions and seting a spirit on every structural constituent. [ 6 ] For case, a portico or patio must be employ in such a manner that the environing vista was check up onn in its full glorification. He wanted geographic properties of the estate to fit with the ho do ‘s structural design. The palazzos, Villas and basilicas h e designed displayed the blending values of looker and the social environment and place of their several owners. An urban palazzo was opposite from a provincial palazzo ; similarly, an agri heathen Villa was different from a residential Villa. Palladio designed constructions harmonizing to their context. [ 7 ]\r\nPalladio had contri hardlyed several design introductions in public edifices and churches. Most Palladian plants were do of low-cost stuffs, normally stucco, traditionally made with lime, sand and H2O, to cover and adhere bricks. His urban constructions for construe Venetian proprietors had high classical porticos with pediments that blanket(a) every bit far as the 2nd dump and were supported by elephantine colonnades. These porticos were raised above land gradation and on the same degree as the remainder of the land narrative. This raised floor called aˆ?piano nobile, aˆ? was reused in later(a) fluctuations of neoclassical architecture. Palazzo Chieri cati in the metropolis of Vicenza was a all right model of this urban construction. [ 8 ]Palazzo Chiericati ( 1550-1557 ) [ 9 ]Rural Villas were instead different. Alternatively of the piano nobile, there was an steep dais bordered by lower military service wings, connected with an elegant curving flight of stepss. The proprietor maintained abode at the elevated part. Villa Foscari ( anyhow La Malcontenta ) was among the mid-16th century designs of Palladio that employed this celebrated edifice format.Villa Foscari ( 1559 ) [ 10 ]The 1570 publication of Palladio ‘s work aˆ?Quattro Libri dellArchitetturaaˆ? ( The Four Books of Architecture ) , stretched his influence far beyond his place state Italy. Palladio ‘s architectural drawings and treatments contained in the book set the phase for neoclassicist expansion in the cardinal European states of France, Britain, Ireland, Spain and Ger numerous. [ 11 ] hitherto oftentimes singular was his influence in comp ound and post-colonial America, where his designs were replicated in the houses of well-known households, province edifices and even the tete-a-tete residence of Thomas Jefferson, the freedom President. [ 12 ] on with Palladio ‘s treatise, the unearthing and find of Pompeii and Herculaneum, Roman towns destroyed by volcanic eruption during the classical period, was thought to compensate the interior designs of eighteenth century European houses and buildings. [ 13 ]The Ruins of Pompeii [ 14 ] Interior dupe of a Herculaneum manse [ 15 ]In Europe, neoclassicist architecture developed at different gaits. Some beginnings estimated that the motion reached its extremum in France with A‰tienne-Louis BoullA©e and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The two designers followed rules of reason into their unadulterated divine designs. BoullA©e was known for blending geometry with the standardised classics. This original neoclassical divergence might hold been influenced by his work as an pedagogue and philosopher at aˆ?A‰cole Nationale des Ponts et ChaussA©es.aˆ? like most neoclassicists, his designs were minimalistic, devoid of ornamentation, bold plenty to replicate certain structural constituents, particularly if they were functional ( i.e. columns ) , and sought- subsequently(a) to stress the inclination of the construction and its parts. BoullA©e besides proposed a empty tomb, an about 500-foot sphere grow on a unit of ammunition foundation, for the side scientist Isaac Newton. This was non executable to construct but as a professional engraving, the manner gained prominence. BoullA©e ‘s plants were afterwards revived by twentieth century Positivists and more popularly by celebrated Modernist designer, Aldo Rossi. Contemporary designers found his designs alone and really imaginative †although some would see them aˆ?illusions of grandeur.aˆ? The HA?tel Alexandre in Paris, known for its flanking court of law d oors and Corinthian columns, was one of BoullA©e ‘s lasting plants. [ 16 ]\r\nCenotaph for Newton ( 1784 ) [ 17 ] HA?tel Alexandre ( 1763-66 ) [ 18 ]Like his compatriot, Ledoux was really idealistic in his architecture, ever desiring to aˆ?build with a purpose.aˆ? For this he and BoullA©e were branded aˆ?Utopians.aˆ? [ 19 ] Ledoux designed many theaters, hotels, residential places, and edifices, supplied with rotundas, columns and domes from the Graeco-Roman period. His known architectural invention was the aˆ?architectonic order, aˆ? best exhibited through his design on the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans. He was appointed Royal Architect for the express intent of constructing a structural design for expeditiously pick off outing salt. The Royal Saltworks became a important illustration of eighteenth century Architectural Rationalism for its extended usage of geometry and logical agreement of forms to ease the lineage and transit procedures. A n some other design was drawn after the first was disapproved. [ 20 ]Facade of the Royal Saltworks, France [ 21 ]Aerial View of Ledoux ‘ Second Design ( 1804 ) [ 22 ]thither were many other outstanding figures under the neoclassical motion but few were every bit Utopian as the plants of BoullA©e and Ledoux. Gallic writer-teacher-architect Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand influenced several German Positivists by adding rules of economic system and convenience to the bing architectural Utopia. [ 23 ] The ulterior renderings of neoclassicism in Britain, America, and Spain disregarded the fond regard to symmetry and geometry that Palladio himself and the Gallic neoclassicists were really peculiar. However, they did retain much of the functionality facet. For illustration, neo-Palladian British designers William Kent and Indigo Jones invented the flanking wings to give more infinite in the house inside. [ 24 ] This absorb for using infinite was still an original of eighteenth century Rationalism.twentieth Century Rationalismtwentieth century Rationalist architecture was interchangeably called Neo-Rationalist. Although the designs were different from eighteenth century rationalism, neo-Rationalists proceed to pattern of import rules of Rationalist Architecture. The simplistic phase and ornamentation was still retained ; the functionality facet became known as aˆ?theme.aˆ? In fact, as many historiographers claimed, neo-Rationalism was an development of eighteenth century Enlightenment Architecture. [ 25 ] The demand to warrant architectural plants remained strong as it had so. The Enlightenment brought about the Industrial Revolution almost 18th-19th centuries. The effects lasted and were carried over to the twentieth century, where industrialisation became a craze. Economic promotion was no longer associated with brick and woodwind instrument but with new elements like steel, Fe and glass. As industrialisation reached its extremum in the twentieth cent ury, the spell importance of machinery led to the development of an aˆ?industrial architecture, aˆ? composed of those new elements. [ 26 ]\r\n modernness was the dominant rationalist motion of the 1900s. It fundamentally aimed to use new stuffs suited to the spirit of industrialisation and free designers from the bondage of manners, which curtailed single touches. The plants of early Modernists Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany and Frenchman Le Corbusier were largely merchandises of socio-political revolutions. Following homo state of war I, the German Modernist ventured into new constructions that aˆ?meet societal needs.aˆ? [ 27 ] The Bauhaus design school resulted from this venture. Bauhaus became identified as the aˆ? multinational Style, aˆ? adopted by many Modern structural designs in various(a) states. [ 28 ] The following are celebrated illustrations of Bauhaus architecture:The UN New York Base by Le Corbusier [ 29 ] The Gropiu s Residence in Lincoln [ 30 ]The International Style was characterized by rational rules of minimal art and functional design and construction. Neoclassic pediments, columns and flanking wings were replaced by rectangular forms of concrete cement, steel, and other new elements. There were barely hints of peculiar civilizations or societal context and a impersonal architecture that was universally relevant prevailed. [ 31 ]\r\nModernists like Frank Lloyd Wright tried to equilibrize nature and structural designs. [ 32 ] Later, Postmodernist motions emerged to deconstruct the catholicity of Bauhaus and inculcate aˆ?local identitiesaˆ? into modern architecture so it can link with bulk ‘s sentiments. [ 33 ] Aldo Rossi, Italian theorist-architect-designer-artist, was among the famed Postmodernists. His worth(predicate) part to urban architecture was constructing modern-day constructions without pretermiting the historic value of the metropolis or site where it would be bu ilt. He stressed the societal significance of memorials and graveyards and besides advocated that constructions be strong plenty for wining coevalss to witness. [ 34 ] San Cataldo cemetery expanded by Rossi ( 1971 ) [ 35 ] Bonnefanten Museum, Maastricht by Rossi ( 1990-1994 ) [ 36 ]Decision18th and twentieth century Architectural Rationalists are conjugate by the ancient rules of aˆ?utilitas, firmitas, venustas.aˆ? Their several motions were by and large non-ornamental and utile in construction, design and subject. In the country of symmetricalness, the usage of geometrical forms, and projecting cultural and single sentiments, the two Rationalist governments differ. eighteenth century Positivists were unified in recommending truth and beauty in architecture while neo-Rationalists had single contradictions. [ 37 ] Nevertheless, both strands justified Architecture ‘s major functions in society and in people ‘s lives.\r\n[ 1 ] Hackett Lewis. ( 1992 ) aˆ?The ag e if enlightenment, aˆ? History World International at hypertext transpose communications communications protocol: //history-world.org/age_of_enlightenment.htm\r\n[ 2 ] Steve Fallon & A ; Nicola Williams. ( 2008 ) Paris: metropolis usher, United Kingdom, unfrequented Planet Publications, p. 48.\r\n[ 4 ] University of Pittsburgh at hypertext absent protocol: //www.pitt.edu/~medart/menuglossary/pediment.htm\r\n[ 5 ] Old House Web at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oldhouseweb.com/architecture-and-design/greek-revival-1820-1850.shtml\r\n[ 6 ] Bernd Evers, Christof Thoenes & A ; Kunstbibliothek. ( 2003 ) Architectural theory: from the Renaissance to the present, Germany, TASCHEN pp. 6-7.\r\n[ 7 ] Sam Smiles & A ; Stephanie Moser. ( 2005 ) Visualizing the yesteryear: archeology and the image, Maine, Blackwell Publishing pp. 98-114.\r\n[ 8 ] Douglas Lewis, Andrea Palladio & A ; International Exhibitions Foundation. ( 1981 ) The drawings of Andrea Palladio, T exas, The Foundation, pp. 158-163.\r\n[ 9 ] Essential Architecture at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.essential-architecture.com/STYLE/STY-E14.htm\r\n[ 11 ] Carolean Clifton-Mogg. ( 1991 ) The neoclassical beginning book, New York, Rizzoli, pp. 88-175.\r\n[ 12 ] David Watkin. ( 2005 ) A history of western architecture, London, Laurence King pp. 114-513.\r\n[ 13 ] H. Keethe Beebe. ( 1975 ) aˆ?Domestic Architecture and the New Testament, aˆ? The scriptural Archeologists, volume 38, figure 3/4, pp. 89-104.\r\n[ 14 ] virtual(prenominal) Tourist at hypertext transfer protocol: //cache.virtualtourist.com/1898061-Pompeii-Pompeii.jpg\r\n[ 16 ] Helen Rosenau. ( 1976 ) BoullA©e & A ; airy architecture, New York, harmony Books pp. 1-27.\r\n[ 19 ] Barry Bergdoll. ( 2000 ) European architecture, 1750-1890, New York, Oxford University recommend p. 97.\r\n[ 20 ] Elizabeth Basye Gilmore Holt. ( 1966 ) From the classicists to the impressionists: art and architecture in the 19th century, Connecticut, Yale University Press pp. 227-311.\r\n[ 21 ] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural plaque at hypertext transfer protocol: //whc.unesco.org/en/list/203\r\n[ 23 ] Joy Monice Malnar & A ; Frank Vodvarka. ( 2004 ) sensing element design, Minneapolis, The University of Minnesota Press p. 8.\r\n[ 24 ] Inigo Jones, William Kent. ( 1727 ) The designs of Inigo Jones: consisting of programs and lifts for publick, England, W. Kent pp. 1-73.\r\n[ 25 ] Christopher Crouch. ( 2000 ) modernism in Art Design and Architecture, New York, St. Martin ‘s Press pp. 1-10.\r\n[ 26 ] aˆ?Industrial architecture, aˆ? EncyclopA¦dia Britannica Online at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286910/industrial-architecture\r\n[ 27 ] Richard J. Evans. ( 2003 ) The coming of the 3rd Reich, New York, The Penguin Press, pp. 122-123.\r\n[ 28 ] total heat Russell Hitchcock & A ; Philip Johnson. ( 1997 ) The International Styl e, New York, W. W. Norton & A ; Company, pp. 1-5.\r\n[ 29 ] aˆ?International Styleaˆ? at hypertext transfer protocol: //architecture.about.com/od/20thcenturytrends/ig/Modern-Architecture/International-Style.htm\r\n[ 30 ] The Digital pull in of American Architecture at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/gropius.html\r\n[ 31 ] Hazel Conway & A ; Rowan Roenisch. ( 1994 ) soul architecture: an debut to architecture and architectural history, London, Routledge pp. 22-24.\r\n[ 32 ] Kathleen Karlsen. aˆ?Saving Civilization Through Architecture †Rationalism and the International Style, aˆ? at hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles.com/ ? Saving-Civilization-Through-Architecture — -Rationalism-and-the-International-Style & A ; id=888138\r\n[ 33 ] Hazel Conway & A ; Rowan Roenisch. ( 1994 ) Understanding architecture: an debut to architecture and architectural history, London, Routledge pp. 22.\r\n[ 34 ] Terry Kirk. ( 2005 ) The architecture of modern Italy, volume 2: visions of utopia 1900-present, New York, Princeton University Press pp. 208-214.\r\n[ 35 ] Cornell University Blog at hypertext transfer protocol: //blogs.cornell.edu/tim/2008/09/21/cities-sites/\r\n[ 36 ] Brian Rose at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.brianrose.com/portfolio/bonnefanten/bonnefan.htm\r\n[ 37 ] Sarah Williams Goldhagen. aˆ?Ultraviolet: Alvar Aalto ‘s sensible Rationalism, aˆ? Harvard Design Magazine at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sarahwilliamsgoldhagen.com/articles/Ultraviolet.pdf\r\n'

'Indian Democracy at Crossroad\r'

'Avinash Shankar MAD12015 semi policy-making relation Essay: 2 field of study Can post-colonial Indias governing bodyal eff be char deporterized as despicable towards becoming more than(prenominal) popular land, the form of governance where unequivocal situation is directly or indirectly vested in hatful, has develop a world-wide talk that take a leak the gate be gauged from the concomitant that many post-colonial countries fuck off select it with remarkable success.The dramatic orbicular expansion of republic in the last few decades in post-colonial countries speak volume of this some(prenominal) popular form of instance government. The ever fluctuating policy-making kinetics coup take with ever- changing socio- stintingal patterns since Independence has break upn impudent meanings to Indian bulk rule at each stage of its cash advance. India familial a colonial claim and kept a lot of its surgical operation architecture int feign. Much of na rrate practice, despite its immense decimal expansion, is heavily governed by regulation passed somewhere amid 1860 and 1947.During the 65-years of far describeingsighted voyage, India as a res publica has witnessed moments wherein dry land cyphered to find its sure meaning, while moments identical topic fate during Indira Gandhi’s administration qualify as the unmeasurable broken in that India touched as classless body politic. Adoption of collectivized pattern, the middle path between capitalist economy and tenderism, at the analogouswise in short stage of our independence and a series of scotch amends that began in 1980s were primarily tar sign geniusd at delivering the accredited perfume of land in genial, scotch, and semi semi semi governmental spheres.This physical composition is an attempt to answer how Abraham capital of Nebraska’s nonion of democracy as a government of the con escape, by the bulk and for the mint has be en put to try out in India on different neighborly, political, and stinting parameters at different stages of its cash advanceion since independence and whether ever changing political, favorable and stintingal kinetics maturate to brought India c recurr to authentic dissolveicipatory deputy. India retained a deep committal to principles of parliamentary government during the three decades later independence. Indian leaders exposit their approach planning nder a elective pattern of genialist economy as a modern puzzle for Asian and Afri discharge education. India’s archetypal primary curate Jawaharlal Nehru who confine the commissioning of India’s phylogenesis during the initiative fifteen years of justifydom, closureed to his democracy as an argona of symmetricalness between opposing ideologies of capitalism on the hand and the collectivism on the early on(a). to a minusculeer place his leadership, the loading to articulatio nicipatory neighborly transition was an integral part of India’s development strategy. Nehru withal act to incorporate Gandhian ideals of social restores in his development programs.Nehru talk of this mode of development as a third counsel which takes best from all lively administrationsâ€the Russian, the American, and sought to create something suit to one and only(a)’s canvassify history and philosophy. In the parturient stage of Independence, the Nehruvian collectivised model of development revealmed to fuddle take ined sur mettle up within the social and economic frame acetify of India. however Nehru as well had to introduce many contends in the executing of his development model. Nehru’s attempt to leave well(p) bourgeois land reforms was forbid through a gang of feudal resistance, judicial conservatism, and tacit consent of distinguish congress leaderships.Although sexual relation was content to accept the continuance of semi-feudal pastoral effect, it pick out atomic pileive plans for capitalist movement. Consistent with this familiar objective, the ruling elite choose a plan for obese industrialization and institutional program fold of capital goods industries through the deposit sector, a boastfullyly young experiment at the m in the underdeveloped countries. Indira Gandhi who became blossoming pastor aft(prenominal) Nehru’s demise gave a sunrise(prenominal) populist dimension to Indian political sympathies.The shift of the Congress to populist political science quickly ensn be up a b ar-assed structure of political conversation in which Indira could directly cost to electorate. While populist endeavors worry Garibi Hatao (remove poverty) and nationalization of banks brought her good name, she has oft generation been criticized for changing the Congress into a gamyly centralized and monarchal political fellowship organization, from the earlier federal, antiauthoritarian, and ideologic formation that Nehru had light-emitting diode. Indira’s regime, in my opinion, was the inception of the stage when India started to coming into court its significant charge internationally.Creation of Bangladesh was the starting line-class honours degree of the India’s assertiveness at international level. Nuclear test conducted in 1974 was the extension of this assertiveness. ironically Indira’s regime tick out a bid go elaborate in history for carry disrepute to democracy by imposing destiny in the al nearly un representative sort. perhaps it was the firstly blow to the nitty-gritty of elective model that India followed since independence. The port in which rights and liberties, the two definitive tenets of democracy, were suspended during emergency reminds us how an authoritarian regime can play havoc in people’s minds.The emergency perhaps was the turning evince in the Indian elected history be cause it paved the instruction for major political and social shift. It was perhaps the trigger that led to the end of absolute bulk era and ignited the undertide of regional political relation contend braggart(a)ly around clan and religious lines. Easwaran Sridharan and M. V. Rajeev Gowda however take that the end of Congress’s empowerment and fragmentation of the party system read halt short of undermining the basic power-sharing characteristics of the system and defend indeed contri exactlyed to elected consolidation.While the seeds for the decline of one-power empowerment were s hold during Indira’s regime it became more appargonnt during Rajiv Gandhi’s elevate as the prep atomic number 18 Minister of India. Some scholars however deal that the decline of one-party dominance and the proceeds of a giving number of smaller or regional parties which ensure that nation-level elections atomic number 18 vigorously contested have had per emptory effects on competition. These developments represent political empowerment of historically marginalized multitudes and reflect favourably on the vibrancy of political entrepreneurship.I feel that mushrooming of small regional parties can as well as be attri merelyed to effect of anti-defection law enacted during Rajiv’s regime. Emergence of regional parties has as well led to political unstableness due to opportunist emplacement aimn by these parties meter and again. Rajiv seek to pass on party reforms and construct Congress as an nonionised party. He too play a vital utilization in tackling Punjab problem that presume alarming proportion during Indira’s regime. Rajiv can alike be credited for transport inbuilt side to Panchayati Raj, one of al nigh principal(prenominal) tenets of Indian democracy.During Rajiv’s regime too the nubble of democracy fronted dismantled characterized by broad(prenominal)-plate violence against the Sikh fellowship in the race of Indira’s blackwash. Coalition governance gained caprice laterwardwards(prenominal) Rajiv’s character assassination in 1991. Caste and holiness became the driver and determinants of Indian governing thereafter. Anti-reservation protest in the issue of the capital punishment of Mandal Commission is the perfect(a) reminder of the despair that results when the advocates for meritocracy drop away their battle against the saviors of petty circle politics. Hindi nationalist forces too jumped the bandwagon soon and try to establish their strawman in the Indian political arna through such(prenominal) talked roughly Ram Janmabhumi schedule. We are excessively witnessing a range shift in the redistributive politics wherein leftist forces are talented with a kind of statism that protects the posit sector even if it federal agency stifling the rest of economy. On the opposite hand the proponents of Mandal alarm that rolling be t on the postulate on economic reform issues at the moment when disinclined Castes (BCs) are getting overture to its resources would be instance in bad faith.Of late, globalization and economic reforms have given a wise dimension to Indian politics, and for that matter to Indian democracy. cultivation has be induce the main political agendum pushing company and devotion gimmicks on the gageburner. governmental results in two consecutive elections in Bihar mark the effigy shift in people’s voting pattern. It shows how voters are trumping the populist agenda in favor of developmental agenda. It augurs well for Indian democracy. The ensue paragraphs discuss at aloofness achievements, emasculatecates and issues that India faces as classless nation. disdain the appreciable success of the Indian assert in holding extra and fair elections, sustaining a vacate press, and dramatically expanding the franschise, the abuse of peremptory inelegant power be one of the major problems. much such power is utilise arbitrarily against the poor, minorities, and those who dare to challenge the kingdom’s writ. Furthermore, practice of law abuses are more enounce in poorer evokes like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, where standards of answerability are sorely lacking. The picture from such fixs of un confineled deaths in law custody underscores the somberness of this ill.India as a pop nation has underachieved when it stick withs to protecting valet de chambre rights. Armed Forces Special Powers coif 1990 was aimed at containing ethno-religious insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. It allows armed forces to conduct counter-insurgency operations. downstairs the garb of this act, security forces frequently resort to extrajudicial killings. The 2002 barroom of Terrorism answerivities Act (POTA), that came into introduction in the aftermath of a series of terror acts, was some generation utilize against political opponents and to a fault infringed upon the individual rights and civil liberties of Indian citizen.The sacrilegious structure of Indian democracy also looked baneen on many occasions. The spew of laymanism has increasingly been under threat as communal political orientation and political forces have come to enjoy capitaler bargain for in society and the polity. The end of Babri Masjid engineered by Hindu nationalist forces like Bajrang Dal, RSS, and VHP, doesn’t augur well for the secular structure of the secernate.The Hindu nationalists’ repugnance to secularism became evident in a number of different arenas, ranging from a systematic attempt to interchange history and socio-science science textbooks to party leaders’ volitioningness to countenance far-flung recount-sanctioned violence against Moslems, especially during blinking(a) disturbances that rocked the western state of Gujrat. On the overconfident side, the harvest-tide of a plethora of nongovernmental orga nizations (NGO) focused on development, along with the growing lodge of hitherto quiescent free radicals, are gradually resulting in a political system that is more accountable to the citizenry.The posts NGOs are performing have the potential to determine the much bringed developmental path. In times to come, NGOs go a federal agency play much purposeful role by representing face of common people mostly ignored by political entities. However politicization and financial irregularities rampant at these rapidly multiplying NGOs could act as a stay to the primary objectives that these nonprofits stand for. At Independence, the imperative for welfare chemical instrument was obvious due to far-flung poverty and lack of regimen security, specially in the agrarian areas.Even after sixty cinque years of Independence, a abundant percentage of Indian cosmos formally are ease subsisting below poverty line and incidents of acute diet danger continue to occur. Since 1985 Kal ahandi has been more or less uninterruptedly detriment from victuals for thought crisis of alarming dimensions and proportions, officially and disarmingly draw as drought, but unofficially, by critics, as famine. The politics of nomenclature apart, Kalahandi has function a metaphor for hunger in several other districts in the more backward cumulation areas of south-western Orissa.The most ugly part of the Kalahandi starving issue was highlighted by the Baidyanath Mishra Commission Report that attributed starvation deaths in the region to a set of issues including corruption, fraud, misuse, wastefulness, and mismanagement of development. Enhancing intellectual nourishment security at the kinsfolk level is an issue of gigantic importance for developing soil like India where millions of poor father from lack of purchasing power and malnutrition. Right to nutrition is a part of an overall aim of achieving the right to development.Attainment of self-sufficiency of foodgrains at the national level is one of the big achievements in post-independence period. later on remaining a food deficit country for slightly two decades after independence, India has non only run low self-sufficing in foodgrains but immediately has a surplus of foodgrains. disrespect many poverty backup programs initiated since the time of Indira Gandhi, poverty solace system one of the appertains and state and central governments urgency to look into it. Employment guarantee schemes like NREGA bring some rely even though stiff implementation stay more often than non unaddressed.India has make significant progress in fostering high levels of economic and industrial development. still when it comes to social departure in India, four sets of causal conditions have usually combined in different bearings in different areas to produce skirmish and violence. First is the tutelage of socialisation or cultural dilution and unfulfilled national aspiration. Second is the attend to of modernization by motivator vast- shield migrations and by aggrandizement standards of literacy and aspirations.This mathematical process of modernization has non only forced ethnical groups to live closely together and to compete for rewards and resources, but has also sharpened their sociopolitical awareness and change magnitude their capacity to mobilize for joint action. The third reason is odds-on development, poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity, and threats to live group privileges. Finally, political f agents such as endemic bad governance, the gain of anti-secular forces, institutional decay, and vote-bank politics have also contributed to bombastic subdue ethnic conflicts.The role of bunch media has cause more valuable in today’s context. Mass media has play a positive role in highlighting issues of public bushel such as corruption, electoral malpractices, and economic unstableness. Anti-corruption movement launched by social crusader Anna Hazare could become successful due to large cuticle involvement of nap media. On the flipside politicization and commercialization of mediums of mess media don’t tonality rosy picture for the twenty-five percent pillar of Indian democracy. some other area where we need to work is the social security for nonunionized workers.The social security problems for un nonionic workers in India can be divided into two sets of problems. The first is the capability deprivation in terms of inadequate employment, low earnings, poor health, and educational term which are related to everyday deprivation of poorer sections of the state. The second is the failure in the sense of absence seizure of adequate fall back mechanisms to meet contingencies such as ill health, accident, death, and old age. cardinal and state governments also need to focus on social sector by ensuring larger allocation for such expenditure.On valet development index India is non comfortab ly placed either. baby mortality rate carcass one of the major issues. The relative relative incidence of child labor is among the highest in the world. Women have significantly higher(prenominal)(prenominal) morbidity and mortality evaluate than men. Though we have make significant inroads in achieving great literacy, the numbers don’t sound adequate. clement development conditions are particularly flagrant in four blue states, Bihar, Rajasthan, UP, and Madhya Pradesh. It becomes apparent that our democratic aspirations are only partly realized.Large scale corruption, communalism, electoral malpractices, perverted forms of Muslim and Hindu radicalism, sponsored terrorism, regional separationist insurgencies, corporate-political nexus, apart from many other things, have been obstructing the India’s tour along the path of democracy. finished a series of economic reforms India has made its presence at international stage, but marginalized sections of Indian soc iety are unless to reap substantial benefits from it. immobile political volition is inevitable to put us in the forefront of successful democratic nations.We also need to get rid of the corrupt pecking order of bureaucratic structure because it acts as a hinderance to the implementation of welfare programs. As the citizen of a democratic nation what hurts me most is the deep rooted corruption, not only because it has become an recitation of power and impunity for many, but also because it has made its locus in the minds of people where it has become standardized. We spent enough time firing the bucks as to which apparatus/ apparatuses of our social, economic and political systems has/have failed us as the democratic nation.It is not the time to retrospect what we achieved as a democratic nation in the long locomote so far, rather it is self-contemplation time for each participant of democracy including politicians, bureaucrats, and off vogue the most powerful people. This self-examination lead surely bring the urgency among actors to realize the obligation they owe to the democratic construction of India that is standing tall after having weathered challenging times since independence. Spread of education and issue of political, social, and economic consciousness among citizens give me promise that India depart late inch closer to aline herself ith the nerve centre of professedly democratic values and ideals. I will choose to finish this multiple sclerosis on a positive note by divergence away back to the famous bring up of Harry Emerson Fosdick … â€Å" republic is ground upon the conviction that there are extra median(a) possibilities in ordinary people. ” Bibliography 1. Mehta, P. B. , The preventive of land . Penguin Books, revolutionary-fashioned Delhi, 2003 2. Frankrel, F. R. , Indias political economy, 1947-2004: The Gradual alteration. capital of the United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2005 3. ibid 4. Karanjia, R. K. , Mind of Mr. Nehru,capital of the United Kingdom: Allen & Unwin, 1961 5.Kaviraj, Sudipta, â€Å"A critique of the nonoperational whirling,” economics and policy-making hebdomadary 23 (Nov 1988): 2433 6. Chandra, Bipin, Mukherjee, Aditya, Mukherjee, Mridula. India after Independence, Penguin Books, sore Delhi, 1999 7. Ganguly, Sumit, Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc F. , The severalise of India’s democracy , Oxford University Press, 2009 8. Yadav, Yogendra, â€Å"electoral government activity in the duration of Change: India’s third electoral System, 1998-99,” economics and political hebdomadal, August 21-28, 1999 9. Mehta, P. B. , The interference of democracy , Penguin Books, bran-new Delhi, 2003 10.Genteman, Amelia, Killings in Delhi slum give: Unequal justice for India’s Poor,” International herald Tribune, January 6, 2007 11. See the National military personnel Rights Commission Report for 2004-20 05, uncommitted at www. nhrc. nic. in 12. Jayal, NirajaGopal, ed. , res publica in India Oxford University Press, late Delhi 13 Ganguly, Sumit â€Å"The Crisis of Indian Secularism,” Journal of nation 14, October 2003 14. see Ganguly, Diamond, Plattner 15. see Jayal 16. see Jayal 17. see Jayal 18. Dev, S. Mahendra, Inclusive addition in India: Agriculture, Poverty, and Developoment Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2011 19. ee Ganguly, Diamond, Plattner 20. See Dev 21. Atul Kohli, ed. , â€Å"The Success of India’s republic,” Cambridge University Press, New Delhi, 2011 ——————————————†[ 1 ]. P. B. Mehta, The nub of land (Penguin Books, New Delhi, 2003), 106-107 [ 2 ]. F. R. Frankel, Indias political economy, 1947-2004: The Gradual Revolution (London: Oxford University Press, 2005), 4 [ 3 ]. F. R. Frankel, Indias political economy, 1947-2004: The Gradual Revolu tion (London: Oxford University Press, 2005), 25 [ 4 ]. R. K. Karanjia, Mind of Mr. Nehru (London: Allen & Unwin, 1961), 100-101 [ 5 ]. Sudipta kaviraj. A critique of the unresisting Revolution,” Economics and semipolitical Weekly 23 (Nov 1988): 2433 [ 6 ]. Bipan Chandra, Aditya Mukherjee, Mridula Mukherjee. India after Independence (Penguin Books, New Delhi, 1999), Chapters 11, 13 [ 7 ]. Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, The evince of India’s Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2009), xviii-xix [ 8 ]. Yogendra yadav, â€Å"electoral Politics in the magazine of Change: India’s third base electoral System, 1998-99,” Economics and policy-making Weekly (August 21-28, 1999): 2393-99 [ 9 ]. P. B. Mehta, The bear down of Democracy (Penguin Books, New Delhi, 2003), 168-169 [ 10 ].Amelia Genteman, Killings in Delhi spend fall in: Unequal umpire for India’s Poor,” International make known Tribune (January 6, 2007) [ 11 ]. See the National gentlemans gentleman Rights Commission Report for 2004-2005, visible(prenominal) at www. nhrc. nic. in [ 12 ]. NirajaGopal Jayal, ed. , Democracy in India (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 170 [ 13 ]. Sumit Ganguly, â€Å"The Crisis of Indian Secularism,” Journal of Democracy 14 (October 2003): 11-25 [ 14 ]. Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, The country of India’s Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2009), xxi-xxii [ 15 ]. Jayal, 198 [ 16 ]. Jayal, 199 [ 17 ].NirajaGopal Jayal, ed. , Democracy in India (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 200 [ 18 ]. S. Mahendra Dev, Inclusive result in India: Agriculture, Poverty, and Developoment (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 201), 101-103 [ 19 ]. Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, The landed estate of India’s Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2009), 49 [ 20 ]. S. Mahendra Dev, Inclusive harvest-feast in India: Agriculture, Poverty, and Developoment (Oxfo rd University Press, New Delhi, 2011), 201-202 [ 21 ]. Atul Kohli, ed. , â€Å"The Success of India’s Democracy (Cambridge University Press, New Delhi, 2011), 211\r\nIndian Democracy at Crossroad\r\nAvinash Shankar MAD12015 Politics Essay: 2 field Can post-colonial Indias political exist be characterized as touching towards becoming more democratic Democracy, the form of government where commanding power is directly or indirectly vested in people, has become a global communication that can be gauged from the fact that many post-colonial countries have choose it with remarkable success.The dramatic global expansion of democracy in the last few decades in post-colonial countries speak volume of this most popular form of representative government. The ever fluctuating political dynamics coupled with changing socio-economic patterns since Independence has given impudent meanings to Indian democracy at each stage of its feeler. India patrimonial a colonial state and kept much of its surgical operation architecture intact. Much of state practice, despite its wide quantitative expansion, is heavily governed by statute passed somewhere between 1860 and 1947.During the 65-years of long journey, India as a nation has witnessed moments wherein democracy looked to find its true meaning, while moments like national emergency during Indira Gandhi’s regime qualify as the unmeasurable low that India touched as democratic nation. Adoption of socialist pattern, the middle path between capitalism and communism, at the early stage of our independence and a series of economic reforms that began in 1980s were primarily targeted at delivering the true essence of democracy in social, economic, and political spheres.This motif is an attempt to answer how Abraham capital of Nebraska’s notion of democracy as a government of the people, by the people and for the people has been put to test in India on different social, political, and economic parameter s at different stages of its progression since independence and whether ever changing political, social and economic dynamics have brought India closer to true democratic model. India retained a deep commitment to principles of parliamentary government during the three decades after independence. Indian leaders described their approach planning nder a democratic pattern of socialism as a impertinent model for Asian and African development. India’s first acme Minister Jawaharlal Nehru who set the counsel of India’s development during the first fifteen years of drop outdom, pointed to his country as an area of transcription between opposing ideologies of capitalism on the hand and the communism on the other. Under his leadership, the commitment to democratic social regeneration was an integral part of India’s development strategy. Nehru also tried to incorporate Gandhian ideals of social reforms in his development programs.Nehru communicate of this mode of development as a third way which takes best from all existing systemsâ€the Russian, the American, and sought to create something worthy to one’s own history and philosophy. In the dissilient stage of Independence, the Nehruvian socialist model of development seemed to have worked well within the social and economic framework of India. But Nehru too had to face many challenges in the implementation of his development model. Nehru’s attempt to bring estimable bourgeois land reforms was bilk through a crew of feudal resistance, judicial conservatism, and tacit consent of state Congress leaderships.Although Congress was content to accept the continuance of semi-feudal rural power, it adopted kettle of fishive plans for capitalist movement. Consistent with this commonplace objective, the ruling elite adopted a plan for obese industrialization and institutional control of capital goods industries through the state sector, a for the most part unseasoned experime nt at the time in the underdeveloped countries. Indira Gandhi who became Prime Minister after Nehru’s demise gave a new populist dimension to Indian politics.The shift of the Congress to populist politics quickly set up a new structure of political communication in which Indira could directly appeal to electorates. While populist endeavors like Garibi Hatao (remove poverty) and nationalization of banks brought her good name, she has often been criticized for changing the Congress into a highly centralized and tyrannical party organization, from the earlier federal, democratic, and ideological formation that Nehru had led. Indira’s regime, in my opinion, was the beginning of the stage when India started to show its meaningful presence internationally.Creation of Bangladesh was the beginning of the India’s assertiveness at international level. Nuclear test conducted in 1974 was the extension of this assertiveness. ironically Indira’s regime will also go overmaster in history for bringing disrepute to democracy by imposing emergency in the most undemocratic manner. perhaps it was the first blow to the essence of democratic model that India followed since independence. The manner in which rights and liberties, the two Copernican tenets of democracy, were suspended during emergency reminds us how an authoritarian regime can play havoc in people’s minds.The emergency perhaps was the turning point in the Indian democratic history because it paved the way for major political and social shift. It was perhaps the trigger that led to the end of absolute majority era and ignited the undercurrent of regional politics contend largely around order and religious lines. Easwaran Sridharan and M. V. Rajeev Gowda however swear that the end of Congress’s dominance and fragmentation of the party system have stop short of undermining the basic power-sharing characteristics of the system and have indeed contributed to democratic cons olidation.While the seeds for the decline of one-power dominance were place during Indira’s regime it became more apparent during Rajiv Gandhi’s incumbency as the Prime Minister of India. Some scholars however view that the decline of one-party dominance and the emergence of a large number of smaller or regional parties which ensure that state-level elections are vigorously contested have had positive effects on competition. These developments represent political empowerment of historically marginalized groups and reflect favorably on the vibrancy of political entrepreneurship.I feel that mushrooming of small regional parties can also be attributed to effect of anti-defection law enacted during Rajiv’s regime. Emergence of regional parties has also led to political instability due to opportunist positioning shown by these parties time and again. Rajiv act to bring party reforms and retrace Congress as an organized party. He also played a vital role in tack ling Punjab problem that sham alarming proportion during Indira’s regime. Rajiv can also be credited for bringing complete status to Panchayati Raj, one of most important tenets of Indian democracy.During Rajiv’s regime too the essence of democracy looked dismantled characterized by high-scale violence against the Sikh federation in the aftermath of Indira’s assassination. Coalition politics gained nerve impulse after Rajiv’s assassination in 1991. Caste and religion became the driver and determinants of Indian politics thereafter. Anti-reservation protest in the aftermath of the implementation of Mandal Commission is the destitute reminder of the despair that results when the advocates for meritocracy lose their battle against the saviors of petty grade politics.Hindu nationalist forces too jumped the bandwagon soon and tried to establish their presence in the Indian political arena through much talked about Ram Janmabhumi agenda. We are also witne ssing a prototype shift in the redistributive politics wherein leftist forces are dexterous with a kind of statism that protects the state sector even if it style stifling the rest of economy. On the other hand the proponents of Mandal fear that rolling back the state on economic reform issues at the moment when reverse Castes (BCs) are getting price of admission to its resources would be exercise in bad faith.Of late, globalization and economic reforms have given a new dimension to Indian politics, and for that matter to Indian democracy. schooling has become the main political agenda pushing rank and religion gimmicks on the backburner. policy-making results in two consecutive elections in Bihar mark the double shift in people’s voting pattern. It shows how voters are trumping the populist agenda in favor of developmental agenda. It augurs well for Indian democracy. The prove paragraphs discuss at length achievements, challenges and issues that India faces as dem ocratic nation.Despite the capacious success of the Indian state in holding free and fair elections, sustaining a free press, and dramatically expanding the franschise, the abuse of irresponsible state power remains one of the major problems. oftentimes such power is used arbitrarily against the poor, minorities, and those who dare to challenge the state’s writ. Furthermore, police abuses are more pronounced in poorer states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, where standards of business are sorely lacking. The leaven from such states of rampant deaths in police custody underscores the somberness of this ill.India as a democratic nation has underachieved when it comes to protecting pityingkind rights. Armed Forces Special Powers Act 1990 was aimed at containing ethno-religious insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. It allows armed forces to conduct counter-insurgency operations. Under the garb of this act, security forces often resort to extrajudicial killings. The 2002 stripe o f Terrorism Activities Act (POTA), that came into man in the aftermath of a series of terror acts, was sometimes used against political opponents and also infringed upon the individual rights and civil liberties of Indian citizen.The secular structure of Indian democracy also looked be on many occasions. The scheme of secularism has increasingly been under threat as communal political orientation and political forces have come to enjoy great buy in society and the polity. The demolition of Babri Masjid engineered by Hindu nationalist forces like Bajrang Dal, RSS, and VHP, doesn’t augur well for the secular structure of the country.The Hindu nationalists’ opposition to secularism became evident in a number of different arenas, ranging from a systematic attempt to alter history and socio-science science textbooks to party leaders’ willingness to countenance widespread state-sanctioned violence against Muslims, especially during bloody disturbances that r ocked the western state of Gujrat. On the positive side, the growth of a plethora of nongovernmental organizations (NGO) focused on development, along with the growing connection of hitherto quiescent groups, are gradually resulting in a political system that is more accountable to the citizenry.The roles NGOs are acting have the potential to reshape the much mandatory developmental path. In times to come, NGOs will play much meaningful role by representing face of common people largely ignored by political entities. However politicization and financial irregularities rampant at these rapidly multiplying NGOs could act as a deterrent to the primary objectives that these nonprofits stand for. At Independence, the imperative for welfare mechanism was obvious due to widespread poverty and lack of food security, specially in the rural areas.Even after sixty fin years of Independence, a large percentage of Indian population officially are lull subsisting below poverty line and incide nts of acute food danger continue to occur. Since 1985 Kalahandi has been more or less uninterruptedly excruciation from food crisis of alarming dimensions and proportions, officially and disarmingly described as drought, but unofficially, by critics, as famine. The politics of nomenclature apart, Kalahandi has become a metaphor for hunger in several other districts in the more backward cumulation areas of south-western Orissa.The most ugly part of the Kalahandi starvation issue was highlighted by the Baidyanath Mishra Commission Report that attributed starvation deaths in the region to a set of issues including corruption, fraud, misuse, wastefulness, and mismanagement of development. Enhancing food security at the mob level is an issue of great importance for developing country like India where millions of poor run across from lack of purchasing power and malnutrition. Right to food is a part of an overall aspiration of achieving the right to development.Attainment of self-su fficiency of foodgrains at the national level is one of the big achievements in post-independence period. aft(prenominal) remaining a food deficit country for about two decades after independence, India has not only become self-sustaining in foodgrains but right away has a surplus of foodgrains. Despite many poverty alleviation programs initiated since the time of Indira Gandhi, poverty keep mum remains one of the concerns and state and central governments need to look into it. Employment guarantee schemes like NREGA bring some hope even though useful implementation remains largely unaddressed.India has made significant progress in fostering high levels of economic and industrial development. But when it comes to ethnic conflict in India, four sets of causal conditions have usually combined in different ways in different areas to produce conflict and violence. First is the fear of engrossment or cultural dilution and unfulfilled national aspiration. Second is the process of mo dernization by inducing large-scale migrations and by summit standards of literacy and aspirations.This process of modernization has not only forced ethnic groups to live closely together and to compete for rewards and resources, but has also sharpened their sociopolitical awareness and increase their capacity to mobilize for incorporated action. The third reason is unequal development, poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity, and threats to existing group privileges. Finally, political factors such as endemic bad governance, the growth of anti-secular forces, institutional decay, and vote-bank politics have also contributed to large scale ethnic conflicts.The role of muss media has become more important in today’s context. Mass media has played a positive role in highlighting issues of public concern such as corruption, electoral malpractices, and economic instability. Anti-corruption movement launched by social crusader Anna Hazare could become successful due to larg e scale involvement of mass media. On the flipside politicization and commercialization of mediums of mass media don’t key fruit rosy picture for the fourth pillar of Indian democracy. other area where we need to work is the social security for unformed workers.The social security problems for unorganized workers in India can be divided into two sets of problems. The first is the capability deprivation in terms of inadequate employment, low earnings, poor health, and educational status which are related to general deprivation of poorer sections of the population. The second is the harm in the sense of absence of adequate fall back mechanisms to meet contingencies such as ill health, accident, death, and old age. primaeval and state governments also need to focus on social sector by ensuring larger allocation for such expenditure.On human development index India is not comfortably placed either. infant mortality rate remains one of the major issues. The incidence of chi ld labor is among the highest in the world. Women have significantly higher morbidity and mortality rates than men. Though we have made significant inroads in achieving greater literacy, the numbers don’t sound adequate. military personnel development conditions are particularly gross in four northerly states, Bihar, Rajasthan, UP, and Madhya Pradesh. It becomes apparent that our democratic aspirations are only partly realized.Large scale corruption, communalism, electoral malpractices, perverted forms of Muslim and Hindu radicalism, sponsored terrorism, regional separatist insurgencies, corporate-political nexus, apart from many other things, have been obstructing the India’s journey along the path of democracy. by a series of economic reforms India has made its presence at international stage, but marginalized sections of Indian society are even so to reap substantial benefits from it. salutary political will is needed to put us in the forefront of successful de mocratic nations.We also need to get rid of the corrupt power structure of bureaucratic structure because it acts as a deterrent to the implementation of welfare programs. As the citizen of a democratic nation what hurts me most is the deep rooted corruption, not only because it has become an exercise of power and impunity for many, but also because it has made its locus in the minds of people where it has become standardized. We spent enough time super the bucks as to which apparatus/ apparatuses of our social, economic and political systems has/have failed us as the democratic nation.It is not the time to retrospect what we achieved as a democratic nation in the long journey so far, rather it is self-contemplation time for each actor of democracy including politicians, bureaucrats, and off course the most powerful people. This introspection will surely bring the urgency among actors to realize the righteousness they owe to the democratic edifice of India that is standing tall after having weathered challenging times since independence. Spread of education and emergence of political, social, and economic consciousness among citizens give me hope that India will behind inch closer to line up herself ith the essence of true democratic values and ideals. I will choose to finish this holograph on a positive note by going back to the famous summons of Harry Emerson Fosdick … â€Å"Democracy is base upon the conviction that there are extraordinary possibilities in ordinary people. ” Bibliography 1. Mehta, P. B. , The Burden of Democracy . Penguin Books, New Delhi, 2003 2. Frankrel, F. R. , Indias political economy, 1947-2004: The Gradual Revolution. London: Oxford University Press, 2005 3. ibid 4. Karanjia, R. K. , Mind of Mr. Nehru,London: Allen & Unwin, 1961 5.Kaviraj, Sudipta, â€Å"A critique of the Passive Revolution,” Economics and Political Weekly 23 (Nov 1988): 2433 6. Chandra, Bipin, Mukherjee, Aditya, Mukherjee, Mridula. India after Independence, Penguin Books, New Delhi, 1999 7. Ganguly, Sumit, Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc F. , The State of India’s Democracy , Oxford University Press, 2009 8. Yadav, Yogendra, â€Å"Electoral Politics in the prison term of Change: India’s ternion Electoral System, 1998-99,” Economics and Political Weekly, August 21-28, 1999 9. Mehta, P. B. , The Burden of Democracy , Penguin Books, New Delhi, 2003 10.Genteman, Amelia, Killings in Delhi Slum Expose: Unequal Justice for India’s Poor,” International Herald Tribune, January 6, 2007 11. See the National Human Rights Commission Report for 2004-2005, usable at www. nhrc. nic. in 12. Jayal, NirajaGopal, ed. , Democracy in India Oxford University Press, New Delhi 13 Ganguly, Sumit â€Å"The Crisis of Indian Secularism,” Journal of Democracy 14, October 2003 14. see Ganguly, Diamond, Plattner 15. see Jayal 16. see Jayal 17. see Jayal 18. Dev, S. Mahendra, Inclusive harvesting in India: Agriculture, Poverty, and Developoment Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2011 19. ee Ganguly, Diamond, Plattner 20. See Dev 21. Atul Kohli, ed. , â€Å"The Success of India’s Democracy,” Cambridge University Press, New Delhi, 2011 ——————————————†[ 1 ]. P. B. Mehta, The Burden of Democracy (Penguin Books, New Delhi, 2003), 106-107 [ 2 ]. F. R. Frankel, Indias political economy, 1947-2004: The Gradual Revolution (London: Oxford University Press, 2005), 4 [ 3 ]. F. R. Frankel, Indias political economy, 1947-2004: The Gradual Revolution (London: Oxford University Press, 2005), 25 [ 4 ]. R. K. Karanjia, Mind of Mr. Nehru (London: Allen & Unwin, 1961), 100-101 [ 5 ]. Sudipta kaviraj. A critique of the Passive Revolution,” Economics and Political Weekly 23 (Nov 1988): 2433 [ 6 ]. Bipan Chandra, Aditya Mukherjee, Mridula Mukherjee. India after Independence (Pe nguin Books, New Delhi, 1999), Chapters 11, 13 [ 7 ]. Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, The State of India’s Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2009), xviii-xix [ 8 ]. Yogendra yadav, â€Å"Electoral Politics in the snip of Change: India’s three Electoral System, 1998-99,” Economics and Political Weekly (August 21-28, 1999): 2393-99 [ 9 ]. P. B. Mehta, The Burden of Democracy (Penguin Books, New Delhi, 2003), 168-169 [ 10 ].Amelia Genteman, Killings in Delhi Slum Expose: Unequal Justice for India’s Poor,” International Herald Tribune (January 6, 2007) [ 11 ]. See the National Human Rights Commission Report for 2004-2005, useable at www. nhrc. nic. in [ 12 ]. NirajaGopal Jayal, ed. , Democracy in India (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 170 [ 13 ]. Sumit Ganguly, â€Å"The Crisis of Indian Secularism,” Journal of Democracy 14 (October 2003): 11-25 [ 14 ]. Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, The State of I ndia’s Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2009), xxi-xxii [ 15 ]. Jayal, 198 [ 16 ]. Jayal, 199 [ 17 ].NirajaGopal Jayal, ed. , Democracy in India (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 200 [ 18 ]. S. Mahendra Dev, Inclusive Growth in India: Agriculture, Poverty, and Developoment (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 201), 101-103 [ 19 ]. Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, The State of India’s Democracy (Oxford University Press, 2009), 49 [ 20 ]. S. Mahendra Dev, Inclusive Growth in India: Agriculture, Poverty, and Developoment (Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2011), 201-202 [ 21 ]. Atul Kohli, ed. , â€Å"The Success of India’s Democracy (Cambridge University Press, New Delhi, 2011), 211\r\n'