The Greek Legacy of Akhenaton and Pericles

Pericles came to power in 462 BC. He proposed new laws for the extension of democracy to the people, while limiting citizenship billet to select individuals. He advanced the power of a joint assembly and likewise secured for capital of Greece primacy in its own theatre of operations of influence. Unlike Akhenaton, Pericles created an imperial democracy that also enjoyed a catamenia of peace after decades of turmoil and military divergence and also eliminated the endemic tensions between Sparta and Athens. After Pericles' death, however, a renewal of conflict diminished his achievements.

Sparta and Athens were the two dominant city-states of the Mediterranean ball in the first centuries before the birth of Christ. The two city-states were regular, if non constant, rivals for hegemonic control of the region and its smaller (and weaker) rivals. Early in their uncouth history, Athens achieved primacy through the use of military power and the being of an imperial empire. Later, when the Peloponnesian Wars erupted in 432 BC, Sparta ultimately prevailed over Athens and achieved hegemonic control over the region.

If Athens was a state in which philosophy and the arts were valued, Sparta was its opposite. Run as an essentially military entity, Sparta had a mixed rather than a largely participatory constitution 9as did Athens). The Spartans also had a governing ass

embly in which participation was limited to males over suppurate 30. Unlike Athens, Sparta had a unique governing institution - a board of governors ("ephors") elected annually by the assembly. These leaders restrain foreign and domestic policy, though public participation by citizens was extensive in Sparta as well as in Athens.

The critical differences between the two city-states appear to have been cogitate on lifestyle and values. Luxury was enjoyed and valued in Athens, and scorn in Sparta.

Sparta emphasized commitment to the "polis" rather than to the family or the tribe. In Sparta, privacy, luxury, and even comfort were all sacrificed to the mission of training soldiers who would pay back members of the best army in the world.

Athens, in contrast, was highly blasphemous despite the creation of a democratic assembly. Military artistic production was well-regarded, but so were artistic and philosophical creativity. twain city-states were polytheistic. Both perceived one another as rivals for control in the Attic region. Power fluctuated between the two, with Sparta achieving a temporary hegemonic stead after the Athenian Empire was destroyed in the considerable Peloponnesian War. Of the two, however, it is Athens that has come to be regarded as an interpreter of the greatness to which ancient civilization could aspire and what it could in accompaniment achieve.

Egypt's fertile Nile Valley made it wealthy in a region that was largely desert and therefore not conformable to cultivation. Egypt could and did use the Nile as a means
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