Exile: Method of Punishment in Russia

d.). As a result, by 1897, "half of the non-indigenous population of Siberia consisted of exiles or their descendants" ("Exile," n.d.).

In the nineteenth and 20th centuries, a number of Ukrainian figures were exiled-Taras Shevchenko, Mykola Kostomarov, Panteleimon Kulish, Oleksander Konysky, and Pavlo Hrabovsky-with their punishment in exile taking a v

ariety of forms, including military service ("Exile," n.d.).

Also in the 19th century, the Solovetsky Monastery began universe used as a place of exile for storied figures ("Solovki Archipelago," n.d.). In the 1920s, the Monastery was closed and the Solovetsky Concentration Camp of Special designation was situated there ("Solovki Archipelago," n.d.). Aleksandr Solzhenitsin referred to this camp as the "mother of the GUL
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