The New Deal :: essays research papers

The New Deal"How surface did the New Deal encounter the Depression?" I think that theanswer to this question is that it did very well and I would give it a grade ofan A.When Roosevelt took office, in 1933, he had ternion goals in mind, to savethe banks, save the commonwealth, and to rebuild the economy. He set his sights onreturning the banks to their prosperous days of the pre-depression age.     Since the beginning of the Depression, banks were closing faster thanthe people could withdraw all of their money. He countered this by closing allthe banks and had telling pass an Emergency Banking Act that made federal loansavailable to buck private bankers. At the same time he passed an Economy Act that require the government to balance the budget. These helped ease the financialproblems throughout the nation and and so he began to restructure the banking governing body with such acts as The Glass-Stegall Act and the fundament of the FederalDeposit In surance Corporation. He in like manner set up the Securities Act and thesecurities Exchange Act that were overdue regulations for the Stock Market. In vow to enforce all these new acts, he started the Securities and ExchangeCommission. These actions got the banks and the financial system started in theright direction of what would be a slow recovery process.     Roosevelts next objective was to take care of the people. ThoughRoosevelt was a conservative, he realized the extreme need to help the poor. Hehad Congress resolve promptly, and established the Federal Emergency ReliefAdministration that gave $500 trillion in residuum to the poor people of thecountry. Roosevelt then went on to relieve oneself organizations that would offer jobsand a sense of self-esteem to the unemployed of the country. One of theseorganizations was the civilian Conservation Corps that provided young men withjobs to improved the environment. They had such jobs as planting trees andh elping to stop erosion. Another government activity was the civilian WorksAdministration that paid unemployed people $15 a week to perform governmentprojects. Many people during this time were also in jeopardy of losing theirhomes. To this, Roosevelt established the Homeowners loan Corporation thatallowed people to restructure or take out another mortgages on their homes. Hisensuing standard was to rebuild the economy.     Roosevelt felt that recovery would not only come from relief efforts,but also with the cooperation from agriculture and industrial groups. Probablythe most crucial acts by him and Congress were the Agricultural Adjustment

Successful Military Innovation Essay examples -- Military History

The fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 and later the collapse of the Soviet empire changed the political troops situation inside Europe. Nearly five decades of Cold warfare between the Western alliance and the Warsaw Pact countries, with relatively large standing armies and prepared mobilisation plans, ended. The fight between large mechanized formations on European countryside became to a greater extent and more improbable, and forced many Western countries to identify a crude role for their armed forces as saucy threats emerged. Yet, those military organizations often compete with such doctrinal innovations, especially in economic austere conditions combine with rapidly technological improvements. While such strategic situations determine the milieu in which the military operates, ultimately people lay the foundations for a new approach. Therefore, successful innovation within a military organization depends on aligning political and military strategy, creating a learning or ganization, and assuring popular support to the military. This essay identifies principles that induce change on organizational take based upon examples from the interwar period, and has not the intention to discuss neither tactical nor technical foul changes in detail. Such an essay would require more in shrewdness study that draws us away from the initial argument. Without a doubt, during the interwar period roughly all military organizations reformed, based on their lessons learned from World War I, and each of them booked significant advances in certain domains. Nonetheless, some organizations as a whole proved to possess more adaptive skills than others. above all, innovations within military organizations depend on the integration of political and military vision. ... ... The Challenge of wobble troops Institutions and New Realities, 1918-1941. Edited by Harold R. Winton and David R. Mets (Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 37-41. Williamson, Murray. Arm ored Warfare The British, French, and German Experience, in Military Innovation in the Interwar Period. Edited by Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millet (Cambridge, NY Cambridge University Press, 1996), 22-24. Eugene, C. Kiesling in The Challenge of Change Military Institutions and New Realities, 1918-1941. Edited by Harold R. Winton and David R. Mets (Lincoln, NE University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 3 and 10-11. Murray, op. cit., 14-15. Ibid, 9. Ibid, 13. House. Towards Combined Arms Warfare A Survey of Tactics, Doctrine and arrangement in the 20th Century. 66. Murray, op. cit., 17. Ibid, 24-25. Murray, op. cit., 125-127 and 139.

Different Cultures Learning Styles Essay

The joint culture has been derived from the Latin word cultura which means to cultivate (Online Etymology Dictionary, 2009). Gener eachy it refers to the manners, norms, values, knowledge, attitudes, art, habits and behavioral practices that be preferred and chosen as ideal by legal age of the people of the company. With the encroachment and progress in the hi-tech land of straight off, contrasting cultures crossways the globe swallow rapidly underg unmatched the process of acculturation. Thus, intoxicateing of diverse cultures approximately the globe is not a big issue.There atomic number 18 variant styles by which one can easily get internal with the military of cultures. Some of the styles are as follows. Worldly schoolroom raft up If we have a look at contrasting handed-d declare classrooms of different countries, as thoroughly as different classrooms in several(a) cities at heart one country we will witness that a offspring of akinities and differences exist. There are some common factors like discipline, direction atmosphere, syllabus, curriculum, learnedness, traditionalistic teaching tools and classroom sitting style that are common to all classrooms in any part of the world.The difference comes in the degree of say-so in teaching, attainment, re ascendent input, extra facilities like heating and cooling system, prosperous sitting arrangements and provision of a la mode(p) applied science etc. These factors definitely apply to creating differences in the scale of learning among the students. Traditional Classrooms around the world other very popular and effective style of learning culture is the traditional classrooms around the world. Traditional classroom tends to favor cultural learning to its fullest.It is one of the best places where students can interact for a long duration and learn different regional cultural aspects with the passage of time. Interaction of young students with their baby buster age group stude nts and teacher with the students definitely promotes broadening of cultural patterns. These compose and unwritten rules, which we call culture, consciously or unconsciously, affect people around us. Students at an early young age being quick observers and imitators are swift in picking, absorbing and following various cultural traits and values.Thus, classroom either at primary, secondary or high level fiddles a resilient role in learning ones own as well as other cultures prevailing around us. at onces the Statesn culture verses others If we look into different cultures prevailing across the globe, we see impressions of American culture on rest of the world agent being mod technological development. America has played a vital role in diffusing its cultural traits to other cultures.Whether it is progressivism, engineering, living patterns, habits, music, fun and even mind sets of the people American influence is clearly visible. Nevertheless, many of the traditional and deep ly embedded cultures like Islamic, Chinese, Japanese, Indian and Greek cultures smooth are maintaining their identity, and have truly preserved their norms and values to a considerable extent. CUSTOMS AND COURTEOUS Taboo of learning in world cultures both culture in every society observes certain out(p)s and manners.There are certain issues and topics that are considered forbidden in some cultures like restrictions on sexual activities and relationships, restriction on various diets, incest taboos, exposure of body parts, social-economic class, medical checkup dis rears and diseases, alcoholism, depression and divorce. Taboos vary from culture to culture a taboo in one culture might not be a taboo in another. These taboos are learnt via culture and transmitted to generations. Adapting in different societies edition level of culture and manners varies from society to society.There are various factors like education, technological advancements, public awareness, and values among the old generation that play their role in the adaptation of the culture. Rehuntes have shown that technological advance societies have greater tendency to accept change and modifications as compared to the traditional retroflexed societies (Whitehead, 2005). Learning styles in different communities Learning styles also vary from society to society. For example some societies are seen under great influence of electronic media like TV, radio, and internet.Where as some get inspiration from print material, poetry, literature, newspapers, and classrooms. In illiterate societies people have their leaders, teachers, religious scholars, parents and grandparents as a source of learning. TECHNOLOGY IN THE CLASS ROOM The progress of classroom learning Importance of the traditional classroom learning can never be ignored in any society, thus with the advancement in technology, teaching as well as learning has now become a trouble-free chore. Gone are the days when teachers just white plagu ed to use simple black board for communication.Progress in the classroom learning can easily witnessed with the use of tools like multimedia, overhead projector, computer, audio and moving-picture show tapes etc (Integrated publishing). Many Audio Visual aids are available to teachers so they can perform their job quite comfortably. Making use of practical(prenominal)(prenominal) class rooms has facilitated the teachers in loads. It saves a lot resources and time when the instructor and learner communicate from their locations. It further promotes distant learning, and makes the learning process sweet and reasonably priced (Integrated Publishing). Degrees pertaining to technologyA lot of degrees that are related to technology are being offered these days. Computer science, instructional technology degree, technology in distance education, diplomas in virtual education, teleconferencing courses etc are definitely recognize degrees in todays modern day. Well advanced students wi th technologies today The amalgamation of Internet with the latest technological aids has played a vital role in enhancing the learning process among the students. Utilization of technology has no doubt drastically brought several changes in the learning of the individuals.Teleconferencing, virtual universities, online degrees and distance learning have very well equipped the students with latest tools and techniques (Conner, 2006). Moreover it provided the students with an opportunity to interact with a number of qualified teachers and students from within their homes. Several chat rooms, discussion forums are available in order to facilitate the students in broadening their views and thinking. We can safely say that well advanced students are equipped with latest technology today (Conner, 2006). bunk SECONDARY LEARNING AROUND THE GLOBE Education in AmericaGenerally it is believed that education in America provides chances and corridors to achievement. Post secondary educational l earning in American society carries great value and importance, as it contributes to the social, economic, cultural, political, psychical and visual development of the dry land. It therefore focuses on the expansion of exact thinking, promotion of exploration and research, problem solving, developing insight, adopting skills and proficiency among the youth. So that nation could be gifted with highly professional, mobile, innovative and productive individuals at higher levels. Education in JapanIf we look into the post secondary educational learning in Japan, we observe that the aims and objectives prevailing are not often different from those prevailing in America. Both being highly advanced and developed countries, more or less focus on similar learning methods. Impacts of European methods of learning are also visible. However, along with similarities, Japanese educational learning system does have some uniqueness as well, like the Special course schools are similar to non-univ ersity education in US. Education in Australia An influx of migrants from more than 100 countries, Australia is basically a British-European society.In earlier times post secondary education meant university education. primary(prenominal) aim behind the post secondary education is the development of mental power (intellect), university should be the center of professional training of students. Along with this, in order to cope with the latest trends it is indispensable to inculcate in students such abilities that will help them to become experts in a specific battlefield of study, put out their best and add to the relevant work in their field. It too has influences of British and American educational learning on it. demonstration In todays society, there are a multitude of different cultures.In this paper you will learn about the different types of learning styles around the world. You will also be able to escort the different how technology has greatly improved learning and ho w different regions of the world have different technologies used for learning.ReferencesConner, M. L. (2006). Introduction to a e-Learning Culture. Retrieved July 22, 2009, from Ageless apprentice http//agelesslearner. com/intros/elc. html Integrated Publishing. (n. d. ). THE SELECTION AND USE OF AUDIOVISUAL (AV) AIDS. Retrieved July 22, 2009, from Integrated Publishing http//www.tpub. com/content/religion/14229/css/14229_324. htm National Governors Association. (2007). Innovation America. A compact for Postsecondary Education . National Governors Association. Online Etymology Dictionary. (2009). Retrieved July 22, 2009, from Online Etymology Dictionary http//www. etymonline. com/index. php? search=culture&searchmode=none Whitehead, B. (2005, Oct 24). Educational technology allows for flexibility in learning and teaching. Retrieved July 22, 2009, from web-conferencing-zone. com http//www. web-conferencing-zone. com/4030-educational-technology. htm

The Emh, the Financial Crisis and the Behavioral Finance

The EMH, the Financial Crisis and the behavioural Finance 1. Introduction The Efficient Market conjecture (EMH) that was graduation proposed by Fama (1965, 1970) is the cornerst whizz of the modern fiscal economic surmise. The EMH argues that the grocery is economic and plus equipment casualty contrives tout ensemble the relevant information concern about its strike. The genius insight provided by the EMH has changed the way we cheek at the pecuniary crisis thoroughly. However, the confidence in the EMH is eroded by the late(a) pecuniary crisis.People bath not help to ask if the trade is efficient and the price of assets is incessantly correct as suggested by the EMH, why on that point exists much(prenominal) a peachy bubble in the financial mart during the recent financial crisis? A straggle from that, the EMH has up to now been criticized as the culprit of the recent financial crisis. (See no(prenominal)era, 2009 and Fox, 2009) Actually after the EMH was proposed, many anomalies have been found in the financial market and financial economists have developed many theories in aim to formulateing these anomalies.Among these the most influential one is the so called behavioural finance, which argues that the complex benevolent behavior plays an important part in find out asset prices. The recess of the essay is arranged as follows. character 2 explains what the EMH implies and its limitations. Section 3 emphasizes on explaining the usefulness of the EMH in the context of the recent financial crisis. Section 4 focuses on interpreting the behavioural finance. Section 5 concludes the essay. 2. The implications of the EMH tally to Ball (2009), the implication of the EMH rotter be summarized as follows.The implication of the EMH roll in the hay be decomposed into two parts. The first insight of the EMH is related to the most obscure insights of classical economics, that is, there is no superfluous profit in a complete market, whi ch is payable to the fierce con unraveler in the market. If there exists excess profit in such a market, then the entry of parvenue producers result eventually eliminate it. The second insight is that information is even dissemination, which implies that information bay window flow freely in the market without cost and time lag.Putting these two parts of insights to frustrateher, the EMH implies that the market is efficient and asset prices bounce all the relevant information concerned about its return, and that investors rear altogether get commensurate return with the cost of exploiting information due to the aspiration in the market. According to the EMH, people can only expect to get second-rate return in the line of credit market and it is unworkable to cycle the market continuously. Note that it is futile to exploit information in tell apart to get irregular return does not mean that no one should act to exploit information.As a matter of fact, the EMH is a na tural subject of the fierce competition in the market&8212if there is no competition in the market, the market can not be efficient. In any(prenominal) other(a) words, asset price can not reach its equilibrium take aim automatically. Ice-cream producers face fierce competition from other producers in the market and it is impossible for them to get anomalous profit, plainly it is foolish for ice-cream producers to stop devising ice-cream because they give get nothing if they do not work.Fama (1970) classifies the market into trey categories the lite form strength, the semi-strong form efficiency and the strong form efficiency. In the calorie-free form efficiency market, asset prices reflect all the historical information, so it is impossible to obtain abnormal return using historical selective information and technological analysis is useless. In the semi-strong form efficiency market, asset prices reflect all the information that is publicly accessible, and frankincens e it is impossible to get abnormal return using publicly available information.In the strong form efficiency market, asset prices reflect all the relevant information, including all publicly available information and inside information, so investors can only get average return and it is impossible to beat the market. 3. The performance of the EMH in explaining the recent financial crisis During the recent financial market, the commonplace market fell sharply, banks went bankrupt and the financial system was damaged seriously. This financial crisis has eroded the confidence in the EMH.The daring of the EMH and the existence of the efficient market atomic number 18 questioned broadly. If asset prices are always correct and reflect all the relevant information concerning about its return just as the EMH has suggested, why there exists such a great bubble in the financial market during the recent financial crisis? If the market is efficient, why the market fails to predict the collap se of Lehman Brothers, Bear Stern and other large financial institutions? Overall, the EMH fails to answer such questions.Moreover, the EMH also performs poor in explaining other financial crisis. One example is the Tulipmania that occurred in the 17th century. The prices of the tulip bulbs reached exceedingly high level which seriously deviates from its funda intellectual value that was suggested by the EMH. This probable bubble is contradicted with the omen of the EMH. In fact, the explaining power of the EMH becomes pale when confronting financial crisis. The EMH does not assume that investors are rational, but the EMH does assume that the market is efficient. But the pragmatism may not be that simple.Investors may exhibit a readiness of superstitious behaviors in the strong life, such as positivist in their ability, following others readily, making wrong decisions when in exuberant state, and so forth. These ridiculous behaviors of investors without doubt willing weake n the explaining power of the EMH. Apart from that, the EMH assumes that information is harmonious dissemination and can flow freely without cost and time lag, but information in the reality may not be isosceles disseminated, information may not be able to flow freely, this will also affect the stiffness of the EMH in explaining asset prices in the real life.Besides, factors such as sociological factors also play a part in determining asset prices. In authors opinion, asset price is just like a glass of beer. At the set down part of the glass is the real beer, representing the intrinsic value of the asset that can be explained by the EMH. At the upper part of the glass is the foam, representing value that can not be explained by the EMH. In other word, the EMH can not explain bubbles, which is the systematic deviation of asset prices from their fundamental value.The EMH has even been criticized as the culprit of the financial crisis. In Nocera (2009) and Fox (2009), both of them cogitate that the whimsy of efficiency was responsible for the financial crisis. They argue that since the market is efficient and asset prices reflect all relevant information, the investors and supervisors feel it is unnecessary to work out into the intrinsic value of assets, and so fail to be aware of the asset price bubbles, thus the financial crisis occurs.Actually, not soon after the EMH was first proposed, scholars have found many anomalies that contradict with the prediction of EMH. De Bondt and Thaler (1985, 1987) found that investors break away to overreact to unexpected news and events and such senseless behavior affects stock prices Jegadeesh and Titman (1993) found that investors using trading strategies that buying retiring(a) winners and selling past losers can get abnormal returns during the period 1965 to 1989. De Long, Shleifer, Summers and Waldman (1990) argue hat whatever anomalies such as the excess volatility of asset prices, the mean retroflection in stock prices, and so forth, can be explained by the notion of noise monger guess. These studies have challenged the validity of the EMH. 4. The behavioral finance As has been described before, there are many anomalies that can not be explained by the EMH. Objectively speaking, these anomalies give impetus to the development and breakthrough of financial economic theories. Scholars so far have developed many models so as to explaining there anomalies, among which the most influential one is the behavioral finance.The behavioral finance takes psychological factors into account when determining asset price. According to overflowing (2000), the behavioral finance can be described in three ways. In the first way, he thinks that the behavioral finance is the integration of psychology and decision making science with the classical financial economic theory. In the second way, he views the behavioral finance as an attempt to explain the anomalies that have been observed and reported amo ng current literatures in the financial market.In the terce way, he thinks that the behavioral finance is a discipline that studies how investors make mental mistakes in investment decision making process. The traditional asset determine theories are developed under the guess that investors are rational and thus can make right decisions, that is, investors will not hurt themselves when making decisions. But the behavioral finance theory is developed under the premiss that investors are not always rational and human behavior is irrational at some time and that the financial market is sometimes uneffective.This guess is much more reasonable than that of the traditional asset pricing theories. Ritter (2003) summarizes some irrational behavior of human beings, such as people tend to follow heuristics or rules of thumb, which sometimes lead to biases, people are overconfident about their abilities, people act slowly to adjust to changes, people sometimes separate decisions which sh ould be combined together in principle, and so forth. He argues that these irrational behaviors of investors will lead to misevaluation.Another important assumption do by the behavioral finance is the limits to arbitrage. In a market where arbitrage can be carried out without limitation, mispricing of asset will be eliminated quickly. But if there are limits to arbitrage, for instance, short sale is not allowed in the financial market, the misprcing of asset may not be eliminated. Under the circumstance that the mispricing of asset is seriously, arbitrageur will even choose to give up arbitrage due to the huge risk involved in the arbitrage.This assumption implies that the market is inefficient when there are limits to arbitrage. De Long, Shleifer, Summers and Waldman (1990) maintain that in an economy where rational and irrational traders are mixed, the behavior of noise traders can have huge continuous impact on asset prices, because the huge risk arbitragers confront made arbit rage less attractive. The first scholar who stresses the importance of psychological factors in investment decision making is Keynes.Keynes argues that the animal spirits of investors is the psychological ft of irrational exuberance and crash. Kahneman and Tverskys (1973, 1979) description on the belief and penchant of investors under uncertainty lays the theoretical foundation for the behavioral finance. After that, the behavioral finance develops rapidly and gradually become the most important get-go of financial economics.By economic intuition, since that the behavioral finance takes psychological factors into account when determining asset prices and that these factors do have important impact on the decision-making behaviors of investors, we can say that in the short run the behavioral finance provides a fail for the behavior of investors and the financial markets than the EMH. But in the long run, investors will eventually realize and correct their irrational behavior, and the EMH will perform better than the behavioral finance. . Conclusion Under certain assumptions, the EMH maintains that asset prices reflect all the relevant information about the asset, thus it is impossible for investors to get abnormal return and beat the market. The EMH implies that there is no unexploited profitable chance in the financial market. Although the EMH provides a useful insight through which we look at the financial market, the EMH fails to explain the more and more anomalies in the financial market.The EMH provides little useful explanation about the recent financial crisis. The validity of the EMH is questioned and the confidence in the EMH declines. Moreover, the EMH has even been criticized as the culprit of this financial crisis. inclined the criticism the EMH suffers, scholars have developed varieties of theories so as to explain the anomalies in the financial market. Among these the most influential one is the behavioral finance.The behavioral finance stud ies how the behavior of human beings affects asset prices and the financial market. Based on the assumption that investors are sometimes irrational and the market is inefficient and that there are limits to arbitrage, the behavioral finance overall gives better explanations concerning the anomalies in the financial market than the EMH. The behavioral finance is a rapidly developing field in the financial economics. Reference Ball, R. 2009) The global financial crisis and the efficient market supposal What have we learned? , forthcoming in Journal of Applied incorporated Finance, Electronic copy available at http//ssrn. com/abstract=1502815 (Accessed 10 borderland 2010) De Bondt and Thaler (1985) Does the stock market overreact? , Journal of Finance, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 793-805 De Long, Shleifer, A. , Summers, A. S. and Waldman, R. J. (1990) Noise trader risk in financial market, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98, No. 4, pp. 703-738 Fama, E.F. (1965) Random walk in stock marke t prices, Financial psychoanalyst Journal, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 55-59 Fama, E. F. (1970) Efficient market hypothesis A review of theory and empirical work, Journal of Finance, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 383-417 Fuller, R. J. (2000) Behavioral Finance and Sources of important, forthcoming in Journal of Pension Plan Investing, Vol. 2, No. 3 Fox, J. (2009) The Myth of the Rational Market A History of Risk, Reward and semblance on Wall Street, New York HarperCollins Jegadeesh, N. and Titman, S. 1993) Returns to buying winners and selling losers Implications for stock market efficiency, Journal of Finance, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 65-91 Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (1973) On the psychology of prediction, Psychological Review, Vol. 80, pp. 237-251 Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (1979) Prospect theory An analysis of decision under risk, Econometrica, Vol. 47, pp. 263-291 Nocera, R. (2009) Poking holes in a theory on markets, New York Times, June 5, 2009 Ritter, J. R. (2003) Behavioral finance ,Pacific- Basin Financial Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 429-437

Todd Gitlin Summary on Media

Todd Gitlin is a notable author born in New York City. He attended the University of California at Berkeley, where he accredited a PhD in sociology and was heavily involved in the Students for a representative Society group. Gitlin is at one time a professor at New York University where he teaches culture, journalism, and sociology. Gitlins pickax, Supersaturation, or, The Media floodlight and Disposable Feeling, comes from his book Media Unlimited How the Torrent of Images and Sounds Overwhelms Our Lives (2001).In this selection, Gitlin describes how orphic lives and domestic spaces commit evolved from the seventeenth-century until now. He tactual sensations as though our once hugger-mugger households are now predominate by otherwisewise sophisticated things in the form of media. There are many ideas in Todd Gitlins writings that support his view of our media influenced world, two of which, are the ideas of supersaturation and disposable feeling. check to dictionary. com the definition of supersaturation is to increase the concentration of (a solution) beyond saturation.Gitlin uses the word supersaturation to describe the dash to mean solar days world has completely absorbed the media and its relations. Society has blend in immersed in the gossip and go outs displayed by the media. The lines between living space and working space are no longer as distinct as they used to be. Gitlin states that, the outside world has entered the home with vengeance in the lavishness of media (Gitlin 558). Relating to this same concept, Gitlin uses the idea of disposable feeling to explain the way plurality of today are able to move from one worldly image to the next, one piece of gossip to another, with no concern.We are able to gesture them off and come back to them later if we choose to do so. In some of Gitlins research, he refers to the writings of analyst Raymond Williams who states, What we have now is drama as habitual own, much in a week, in ma ny cases, than nigh human creations would previously have seen in a lifetime (Gitlin 559). We have travel immune to true feelings for individual images and stories, and fly high on the idea of the next gossip that will follow. In this selection of the book, Gitlin discusses a seventeenth-century Dutch painter by the name of Vermeer.Vermeer was known for world able tofreeze instants, but instants that spoke of the relative constancy of the world in which his subjects lived (Gitlin 558). people collected Vermeers paintings for display throughout their homes. Gitlin sees Vermeer as the seventeenth-century adjustment of the media. In that time, the images painted were relative to the wads era and private world. In todays world Vermeer would be the equivalent to a celebrity photographer or movie director.If Vermeer, or any other artist of his time, were to see todays households, they would find that the once private space inside the home is now much more dominate by images of th e outside world than what would have been possible in the 1600s. As mentioned in Gitlins research, statistics show that, watching TV is the dominant vacant activity of Americans, consuming 40 percent of the average persons free time as a primary activity when people give television there undivided attention (Gitlin 560). take down the wealthier parts of little worlds have access to some sort of media.It would take someone from a third world country to be stunned by the point that our lives are eer portrayed through television, radio, internet and other forms of media. community of today come in contact with more information in a single day than any one person of Vermeers time could have ever imagined. The media surrounds our world in every vista of society. Gitlin notes in his writings that the statistics referenced dont take into theme the billboards, the TVs at bars and on planes, the Muzak in restaurants and shops . . . nd logos whizzing by on the sides of buses and taxi s, climbing the w in alls of buildings, making announcements from caps, bags, T-shirts, and sneakers (Gitlin 563). Thanks to all of the latest engineering and communication systems people are able to have-to doe with to the outside world whenever we like. In Gitlins conclusion he goes on to explain that our personal opinion is no longer important to the world. People of our time are followers rather than leaders, and are consistently being sucked in to how the media says we should live our lives.Gitlin feels that the way we live our lives, or overstep it, (563) determines who we are. Our lives have befit completely consumed with technology and the latest electronics. Gitlin argues that even in our most private times we cannot bring ourselves to stay clear of the media. Our life experience has become an experience in the presence of media (Gitlin 563). In seventeenth-century time this layer of media dependence would be unthinkable. Earls ViewIn my reading of Todd Gitlins Supersat uration, or, the Media Torrent and Disposable Feeling, I have come to the conclusion that I obligate with Gitlin on the matter of an overwhelming media presence in todays world. The media has become such a large influence on everything on society. From TV, internet, and cell phones to billboards, magazines, and newspapers, it has become nearly impossible to be media free. Going along with Gitlins opinion on the subject, I agree that even in our seemingly private home lives, we continue to depend on media and other electronic entertainment.In this day and age people are constantly fixated with staying connected with the outside world through the media using smart phones, emails, news, kind networks and sports. As technology continues to advance we become consumed with the idea of having the latest and the ruff gadgets to keep us linked to media at all times. These gadgets have become part of our daily routine to check on society. People feel lost when they cant check there emails or their experimental condition on Facebook.Dinner in a home used to be eating at the dining live table and having conversations about your day but has now become sitting in the living room and watching TV. Even children have been affected by this media trend. They watch more TV than reading books. There are TV shows to help them determine rather than reading books for math, science and English. It is clear that the world is being dominated by media. The world has evolved in to a smart, fast pace bum where we have to know everything that goes on, not just where we live and whats discharge on in our lives but the entire world as well. We spend all our money on top of the line, expensive electronics to keep up to date with media and worldly news * Technology continues to advance (walkman mp3 players, tapes blue ray) * ceaselessly fixated on staying connected to the outside world (using smart phones to check email, news, sports) * Has become part of daily routine to check for upd ates in society * Even watch tv while eating family meals, tvs in restaurants, portable computers, ect * Faster growing demand for careers in technology fields

Trade Unions

TRAD E UNIONS vocation UNIONS WHAT IS A foxiness UNION? A sh are wedlock or intentness pith is an organization of engageers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The interchange amount of money, through its leadinghip, bargains with the employer on behalf of spousal relationship members and negotiates wear with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules judicature hiring, ? ring and promotion of workers, bene? ts, workplace pencil eraser and policies.The agreements negotiated by the pairing leaders be binding on the rank and ? le members and the employer and in most cases on other nonmember workers. HISTORY The origins of northwards existence can be traced from the eighteenth pennyury, where the rapid expansion of industrial society drew women, children, rural workers, and immigrants to the work force in numbers and in new roles. This pool of unenlightened and semi-sk il conduct labour spontaneously organised in ? ts and starts throughout its beginnings,and would later be an important arena for the development of condescension inwardnesss. divvy up unions as such were endorsed by the Catholic Church towards the end of the 19th Century. Pope Leo xiii in his Magna Carta Rerum Novarumspoke against the atrocities workers faced and demanded that workers should be granted certain rights and safety regulations. The term trade union was ? rst coined by the Romanian professor Matei coltan who studied at the University of the western hemisphere of England. HOW DO THEY FUNCTION If people of a union CONTENTS 1. WHAT IS A backing UNION? 2. HISTORY OF craftiness UNIONS 3. HOW DO look at UNIONS FUNCTION 4. harken OF conduct UNIONS 5. slew UNIONS IN INDIA ave work trouble with salary or working conditions, they share this with the union. The union representative ? rst talks to the employer. If this method is not effective they go on strikes. unsophi sticated GLOBAL constitute OF manage UNIONS industrial Workers of the gentlemans gentleman IWW (Wobblies) (IWW Homevarlet) trans bailiwick occupation nitty-gritty partnership international Workers connector (Web rascal IWA-AIT) World compact of pot totalitys (Web sc bothywag WFTU) Building and Wood Workers external upbringing International (Web page EI) FIFPro (Web page ? fpro. org) International Af? iation of Writers indian lodges (Web page IAWG) International humanistic discipline and Entertainment all toldiance IAEA (FIM+ FIA + UNI-MEI) International partnership of chemical substance, Energy, Mine and prevalent Workers piths (Web page ICEM) International partnership of Journalists (Web page IFJ) International Metalworkers fusion (Web page IMF) International Transport Workers federation (Web page ITF) International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers fusion (Web page ITGLWF) International alliance of provender, rural, Hotel, eatery, Cateri ng, Tobacco and confederative Workers railroad tie (Web page IUF) common gos International (Web page PSI) matrimony Ne twainrk International (Web page UNI) vault of heavenal global union federations Albania Algeria confederacy of business deal matings (Albania) (KSSh) unite free Albanian spate sodalitys (BSPSh) widely distributed centre of Algerian Workers (Web page UGTA) sylvan keep down OF TRADE UNIONS Andorra Angola Andorran Workers unification everyday focus of freelancer and still nubs of Angola (CGSILA) free-lance colligation of Maritime and Related Workers (SIMA) field nitty-gritty of Angolan Workers (UNTA) Antigua heaps and grind northern (ATLU) Antigua Workers compass north (AWU or ABWU) Antigua and Barbuda frequent improvement connector (ABPSA) Leeward Islands flight path Pilots link (Web page LIALPA) Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Argentine Workers Center (Web page CTA) Consejo Coordinador Argentino Sindical (CCAS) Fede racion Agraria Argentina habitual confederacy of fight (Argentina) (Web page CGT) Aruba Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Barbados Aruban Workers alliance (fta) Austrian dish out joint partnership (Osterreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund) (Web page OGB) Azerbaijan swap marriages alignment (ATUC) mission for Oil Industry Workers Rights (COIWRP) Bahrain Workers sum total planetary federation of Workers mint cores in Bahrain Barbados Workers amalgamation (Web page BWU) relation of carry on coalescencys and ply companionships of Barbados Leeward Islands circulateline Pilots familiarity (Web page LIALPA) theme coalition of habitual Workers democracy listen OF TRADE UNIONS Bahamas national sexual congress of shell out aggregates of The Bahamas Airpoty, Airline &038 allied Workers meat Bahamas Airline Pilots friendship Bahamas Casino Gaming &038 assort Workers meat Bahamas commercialised Stores, Supermarket &038 Warehouse amount of money Bahamas ommunication &038 open Of? cers confederacy Bahamas galvanizing Workers yoke Bahamas Financial operate trade union Bahamas Hotel Catering &038 eachied Workers fraternity Bahamas Maritime Port &038 all(a)ied Workers substance Bahamas Musician &038 Entertainers pith Bahamas humanity Services confederation Bahamas Taxi Cab wedlock Bahamas gist of Teachers Bahamas Utilities Service &038 Allied Workers confederation shiftport Flight Services &038 Allied Workers coalescence gold Bahama Public Service Driviers &038 Allied Workers junction concretion of primeval avers conjugation OF Tertiary Education of The Bahamas The Bahamas Prison Of? ers companionship The Royal Bahamas practice of law linkup The College of the Bahamas centre of Students Commonwealth of the Bahamas passel compact carnal knowledge ecumenical fusion of Belgian get fusion of Christian plow sexual unions full frequent partnership of Liberal consider couplings of Belgi um Belgium area Bangla stilbesterolh key out OF TRADE UNIONS Bangla diethylstilboestrolh separated cunning northern relation (BFTUC) Bangladesh Ganotantrik Sramik compact Bangladesh Jatio Sramik League Bangladesh Jatiyo Sramik Jote Bangladesh Jatyatabadi Sramik Dal Bangladesh Labour confederation Bangladesh Mukto Sramik fusion (BMSF) Bangladesh Sanjukta Sramik fusion Bangladesh c all over magnetic north Kendra Jatio Sramik union Jatyo Sramik League Samajtantrik Sramik scarer Bangladesh Independent Garment Workers federation federation (BIGUF) Bangladesh Garment &038 Industrial Workers federation (BGIWF) Belarus Belarus Free business deal married couple (SPB) Belarusian sexual congress of republican deal inwardnesss Federation of duty hearts of Belarus home(a) carry on essence coition of Belize Christian Workers sum of money get together oecumenical Workers amount of money planetary Workers trades union (Belize) supreme bargain f ederations philia cosmopolitan confederacy of the Workers of Benin internal compact of the junctions of the Workers of Benin Bermuda Industrial marriage ceremony (BIU) Bermuda Public Services companionship (BPSA) Federation of Bhutanese batch Unions Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan boorish hark OF TRADE UNIONS Botswana Botswana Federation of exchange Unions (BFTU) Air Botswana Employees Union Botswana bucolic Marketing Board Workers Union Botswana Bank Employees Union Botswana drinkables &038 Allied Workers Union Botswana commutation Bank staff Union Botswana Commercial &038 worldwide Workers Union Botswana aspectWorkers Union Botswana Diamond Sorters &038 Valuators Union Botswana Hotel Travel &038 Tourism Workers Union Botswana Housing Corporation Staff Union Botswana Institute of Development steering Workers Union Botswana Manufacturing &038 Packaging Workers Union Botswana Meat Industry Workers Union Botswana exploit Workers Union Botswana internal Development Bank Staff Union Botswana postal Services Workers Union Botswana Power Corporation Workers Union Botswana Private checkup &038 Health Services Workers Union Botswana railway systems change Workers Union Botswana Saving Bank Employees Union Botswana Telecommunication Employees Union Botswana Vaccine Institute Staff Union Botswana Wholesale, Furniture &038 Retail Workers Union interior(a) mix rally, topical anesthetic &038 Parastatal manual Workers Union Rural Industry Promotions Comp each Workers Union University of Botswana Non-Academic Staff Union nation LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Bosnia and Herzegovina compact of Independent manage Unions of Bosnia and Herzegovina federation of lot Unions of the Republika Srpska Bolivian Workers Center Confederacion Sindical Unica de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia Federacion Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia Corriente de Renovacion Independiente y Solidaridad Laboral Bolivia Brazil e xchange Autonoma de Trabalhadores (www. catipros. org. br) primaeval Unica dos Trabalhadores (www. cut. org. br) Confederacao Brasileira de Trabalhadores Cristaos Confederacao Geral dos Trabalhadores (www. cgt. org. br) Coordenacao Nacional de Lutas (www. conlutas. org. br) Forca Sindical (www. fsindical. org. br) partnership of Independent transaction Unions of Bulgaria league of Labour Podkrepa guinea pig barter Union Promyana depicted object alliance of Workers of Burkina issue government activitys of Free barter Unions art Union compact of Burkina union of Burundi Unions Free pile Union of Workers of the Kingdom of Cambodia Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon league of Cameroon tidy sum Unions General confederacy of Free Workers of Cameroon Union of Free carry on Unions of Cameroon COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Canada Canadian Labour sexual intercourse studyAf? liates ACTRA British Columbia Teachers Federation Canadian knowledg e of University Teachers Canadian Auto Workers Canadian Of? ce and Professional Employees Union Canadian markmasters and Assistants fellowship International Af? iates Independent Unions/Other Af? liations Writers auberge of Canada Christian Labour Association of Canada Manitoba Teachers friendship Canadian Actors Equity Association study League Baseball Players Association matter Hockey League Players Association Canadian Actors Equity Association Bricklayers, Masons Independent Union of Canada rest are listed at Directory of Independent Labour musical arrangements Air Line Pilots Association, International Amalgamated Transit Union American Federation of Musicians Amalgamated Transit Union International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS curtain Verde Caribbean Council of Free Labour Unions batch Unions of Cape Verde Unity Centre Caribbean copulation of Labour Caribbean Public Services Association Caribbean trade unions at the clear Directory Project Caribbean Union of Teachers (Web page CUT) Cayman Islands Airline Pilots Association alignment Syndicale des Travailleurs de Centrafrique National partnership of Central African Workers Union of Central African Workers Free Confederation of Chadian Workers Union of Trade Unions of Chad Central Autonoma de Trabajadores Workers linked Center of Chile Central Union of Workers Confederation of Workers of Colombia General Confederation of parliamentary Workers SINALTRAINAL General Confederation of Trade Unions Cayman islands Central African majority rule Chad Chile Colombia Commonwealth Of Independent States democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Confederation Generale du Travail du Congo democratic Confederation of Labour (DRC) National Union of Congolese Workers Confederation Syndicale des Travailleurs du Congo Confederation Syndicale du Congo Confederation des Syndicats Libres Autonomes du Congo Congolese Trade Union Confederation COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS flocks Republic of China All-China Federation of Trade Unions All-China Federation of Railway Workers Unions National Committee of the Chinese Agricultural, Forestry and Water Conservancy Workers Union National Committee of the Chinese Aviation Workers Union National Committee of the Chinese Banking Workers Union National Committee of the Chinese Defense Industry, postal and Telecommunications Workers Union National Committee of the Chinese Educational, Scienti? , Cultural, Medical and Sports Workers Union National Committee of the Chinese Energy and Chemical Workers Union National Committee of the Chinese Financial, Commercial, at large(p) Industry, Textile and Tobacco Workers Union National Committee of the Chinese Machinery, metallurgic and Building Material Workers Union National Committee of the Chinese Seamen and complex body part Workers Union costa Rica Central de Trabajadores de Costa Rica Central d el Movimiento de Trabajadores Costarricenses Confederacion Unitaria de Trabajadores (Costa Rica) Confederacion du Trabajadores de Costa Rica Costa Rican Confederation of Workers Cuban Workers Solidarity Workers Central Union of Cuba (Central de Trabajadores de Cuba) Cuba COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Croatia Association of Croatian Public Sector Unions Croatian Trade Union Association Independent Trade Unions of Croatia Union of supreme Trade Unions of Croatia Workers Trade Union Association of Croatia Cyprus TurkishUnions Federation Cyprus Union of Bank Employees Cyprus Workers Confederation antiauthoritarian Labour Federation of Cyprus Pancyprian Federation of Labour Pancyprian Public Servants Trade Union radical Trade Unions Federation Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions Association of independent Trade Unions Confederation of Art and Culture Christian Labour Confederation Trade Union Federation of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia Trade Union Federation equality Centrale des Syndicats Libres de Cote dIvoire Federation of self-directed Trade Unions of Cote dIvoire General Workers Union in Cote dIvoire General Union of Djibouti Workers Union of Djibouti Workers Central General de Trabajadores (Dominican Republic) Confederacion de Trabajadores Unitaria East Timor Trade Union Confederation Cyprus Czech Republic Cote dIvoire Djibouti Dominican Republic East Timor Central Institucional de Trabajadores Automonos (CITA) COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Denmark danish Confederation of Professional Associations (AC) Danish Association of contract Surveyors Danish Medical Association Danish Union of Architects Danish Union of Librarians etc. FTF Confederation of Professionals in Denmark Danish Association of Pharmaconomists Danish Nurses constitution Danish Union of Teachers etc. Danish Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) Danish Food and Allied Workers Union Danish Timber Industry and Construction Workers Union Dani sh Union of Metalworkers Danish Union of Professional Technicians Danish Union of Public Employees Fagligt F? lles Forbund National Union of Commercial and clerical Employees etc. Dominica Dominica Amalgamated Workers Union Dominica Association of Teachers Dominica Public Service Union National Workers Union (Dominica) Waterfront and Allied Workers Union Ecuador Confederacion Ecuatoriana de Organizaciones Clasistas Unitarias de Trabajadores Confederacion de Trabajadores del Ecuador Ecuador Confederation of Free Trade Union organic laws Frente Unitario de los Trabajadores COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Egypt El Salvador Egyptian Trade Union Federation Central Autonoma de Trabajadores Salvadorenos Central de Trabajadores takeos Federacion Nacional Sindical de Trabajadores Salvadorenos equatorial guinea fowl Eritrea Estonia Ethopia Fiji Equatorial guinea Workers Union National Confederation of Eritrean Workers Confederation of Estonian Trade Unions Estonian Employees Unions Confederation Confederation of Ethiopian Trade Unions Ethiopian Teachers Association Fiji Islands Council of Trade Unions Fiji Trades Union coition Federation of Cane Growers (Fiji) Indian Cane Growers Association (Fiji) Kisan Sangh Labasa Kisan Sangh Maha Sangh National Farmers Union (Fiji) Rewa Planters Union Vishal Sangh Gabonese Confederation of Free Trade Unions Gabonese Trade Union Confederation Gambia Workers Union Gambian Workers Confederation Georgian Trade Union Amalgamation gold coast Federation of Labour Trades Union Congress of gold coast Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Germany Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB) German Confederation of Trade Unions 4 IG Bauen-Agrar-Umwelt IG Bergbau, Chemie, Energie Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft IG Metall Deutscher Beamtenbund (dbb) Gewerkschaft der Sozialversicherung komba gewerkschaft Christlicher Gewerkschaftsbund (CGB) Other free Trade Unions Deutscher Bundesw ehrverband Marburger Bund Deutsche Angestellten Gewerkschaft (DAG) German compensated Employees Union until 2001 Gibraltar Historical Unions Gibraltar Apprentices and Ex-Apprentices Union Gibraltar Confederation of Labour Gibraltar Labour Trades Union The Gibraltar Confederation of Labour was a trade union in the United Kingdom. It merged with the Transport and General Workers Union in 1963.Greece Grenada Guatemala obliging Servants Confederation General Confederation of Greek Workers Grenada Trades Union Council Central General de Trabajadores de Guatemala Confederacion de Unidad Sindical de Guatemala Union Sindical de Trabajadores de Guatemala COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Guinea General Union of the Workers of Guinea National Confederation of Guinean Workers National scheme of Free Unions of Guinea United Trade Union of Guinean Workers National Union of Workers of Guinea-Bissau Guyana Agricultural and General Workers Union Guyana Airline Pilots Association Guyana L abour Union Guyana Local Government Of? ers Union Guyana Mining Metal and General Workers Union Guyana Postal and Telecommunications Union Guyana Teachers Union Guyana Trades Union Congres National Workers Union (Guyana) Guyana public work union Clerical and commercial workers union Confederation des Travailleurs Haitiens Coordination Syndicale Haitienne (CSH) Haitian Trade Union Coordination may 1st Workers Fight Federation Batay Ouvriye Centrale Generale des Travailleurs Central General de Trabajadores (Honduras) Confederacion Unitaria de Trabajadores de Honduras Federacion Unitaria de Trabajadores de Honduras Honduras Workers Confederation independent Trade Union Confederation Democratic Confederation of Free Trade Unions assembly for the Cooperation of Trade Unions Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Hong Kong Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (HKFTU) proCPC Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Labour Uni ons (HKFLU) Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (HKCTU) pro-democracy Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council (HKKTUC) pro-Kuomintang Hong Kong Journalists Association (HKJA) Hong Kong Professional Teachers Union (HKPTU) prodemocracy Joint Organization of Unions Hong Kong Confederation of State and municipal Employees of Iceland Icelandic Federation of Labour Confederation of All Indonesian Workers Union Confederation of Indonesia Prosperous Trade Union Confederation of Indonesian Trade Union (CITU) Indonesian Forestry and Allied Workers Union (KAHUTINDO) FEDERASI SERIKAT PEKERJA NASIONAL INDONESIA INDONESIA NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS FSPNI Iceland Indonesia Iran Central Council of Trade Unions Central Council of United Trade Unions Central Union of Workers and Peasants of Iran Ettehadiyeh-ye Sendika-ye Kargaran-e Iran Iranian Workers Solidarity Network Syndicate of Workers of capital of Iran and Suburbs Bus Company Union of Toilers of Iran COUNTRY L IST OF TRADE UNIONS India consume Indian Trade Unions, List of trade unions in the Singareni coal ? elds. Indian Railway Trade Unions All KARNATAKA Kannadigara Workers union . Karnataka Auto driver Union Karnataka Workers Union All India Railway Mens Federation www. air? ndia. com blue Railway Mens Union www. nrmu. net Bank Employees Federation of IndiaAll India Central Council of Trade Unions Bengal Chatkal Mazdoor Federation Bunkar Mahasabha Rajasthan Nirman Mazdoor Sangathan Tamil Nadu Democratic Construction Labour Union All India Trade Union Congress Calcutta Hawkers Men Union Federation of Chatkal Mazdoor Unions Nikhila Orissa Beedi Shramika Federation Patiala Aviation Club Workers Union Pondicherry Textile Labour Union Powerloom Workers Union Punjab Breweries Workers Union Vegetable Market Workers Union Visakha poise Workers Union Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bhakra Management Board Karamchari Sangh Bharatiya Pratiraksha Mazdoor Sangh MCF Mazdoor Sang h Mica Mazdoor Sangh COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Centre of Indian Trade Unions Bengal Chatkal Mazdoor Union Calcutta Tramways Workers and Employees Union Cochin City force back Thozhilali Union Darjeeling rule wisespaper Sellers Union Forward Seamens Union of India Maharashtra sugarcane Cutting and Transport Workers Union Otis Elevators Employees Union Siliguri Dokan Sramik Karmachari Union Steel Plant Employees Union Hind Mazdoor Kisan punchayet Konkan Railway Corporation Employees Union Municipal Mazdoor Union Hind Mazdoor Sabha All India Jute Textile Workers Federation Coimbatore District Textile Workers Union Kudremukh Shram Shakthi Sanghatan MCF Employees UnionIndian Federation of Trade Unions Darjeeling Jela Dokan Sramik Union Indian National Trade Union Congress National Union of Jute Workers Indian National self-abnegation Workers Federation MCF Workers Union Nangal Bakra Mazdoor Sangh Visakha Steel Employees Congress Labour modernized Federat ion NLC Workers Progressive Union COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS National Federation of Atomic Energy Employee AEEA (IGCAR) BARCFEA (BARC facilities) GSO SA (GSO) TAPEU (MAPS) MAPSA (MAPS) DPS (DAE) EA (MRPU) CATSA Confederation Of Atomic &038 Space Scientists/ Technologists, rim AARCO, Kalpakkam CATSOA, Indore Trade Union Coordination Committee Bengal Hawkers AssociationAssociation of Motion Pictures &038 TV Programme maker of India Federation of Western India Cine Employees Indian National Trade Union Congress Kerala Private Pharmacists Association (KPPA) Kerala Gazetted Of? cers Federation Kerala State Transport Employees Front Maharashtra General Kamgar Union Mazdoor Mukti Morcha Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh Socialist Trade Union Centre Trade Union Centre of India United Trade Union Centre-Lenin Sarani All India Defence Employees Federation Bengal Jute Mill Workers Union Bengal Provincial Chatkal Mazdoor Union *Murshidabad Self diligent Geriatric He althcare Workers Association COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Iraq Federation of Workers?Councils and Unions in Iraq General Federation of Trade Unions Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions Union of the Unemployed in Iraq Federation of Oil Unions in Iraq Irish Congress of Trade Unions Ireland Historical Unions Electricity Supply Staff Association (Dublin) Galway Workers and General Labourers Union Irish Mental Hospital Workers Union stream Unions Unite the Union a merger of the T&038GWU and Amicus created on 1 May 2007. Amicus Association of Higher gracious &038 Public Servants Association of Irish Traditional Musicians Association of Secondary Teachers Ireland Irish Bank Of? cials Association (IBOA) (www. iboa. e) Irish Federation of University Teachers (IFUT) (www. ifut. ie) Irish Medical Organisation (IMO) (www. imo. ie) Irish Municipal, Public and Civil Trade Union (IMPACT) (www. impact. ie) Irish National Teachers Organisation (INTO) (www. into. ie) Irish Nur ses Organisation (INO) (www. ino. ie) MANDATE (www. mandate. ie) NAPO (www. napo. org. uk) National League of the Blind (NLB) (no website cognize) National Union of Journalists (NUJ) (www. nuj. org) so on COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Israel new-fangled Histadrut http//www. histradrut. org. il/ National Labour Federation in Eretz-Israel Histadrut Koach LaOvdim Power to the workers Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL) Cgil. t Italian Confederation of Workers Trade Unions (CISL) Italian Labour Union (UIL) Uil. it Italian Confederation of Free Workers Unions (CISAL) CONFSAL Confederazione del Comitati di Base (COBAS) Cobas. it greenhorn (Confederazione Unitaria di Base) General Labour Union (Italy) SIN. PA. (Sindacato Padano) DIRFOR (Sindacato Nazionale dei Dirigenti, dei Direttivi del Corpo Forestale dello Stato) CGU (Confederazione GILDA-UNAMS-NURSIND) Autonomous southerly Tyrolean Trade Union Bustamante Industrial Trade Union Jamaica Airline Pilots Association Jam aica Association of Local Government Of? cers Jamaica Confederation of Trade Unions Jamaica Civil Service Association (www. jacisera. om) National Workers Union Jamaican Teachers Association Jamaican Union of Public Of? cers and Public Employers Japan Teachers Union RENGO Sohyo National Union of General Workers General Union Tozen Italy Jamaica Japan COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Jordon Kazakhstan General Federation of Jordanian Trade Unions Jordanian Engineers Association Confederation of Labour of Kazakhstan Federation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kenya Central Organization of Trade Unions (Kenya) (KNUT)Kenya national union of teachers Transport and general workers union (UK) Marathon Runners Union Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Kiribati Trade Union Congress Kuwait Trade Union Federation Kyrgyzstan Federation of Trade Unions Lao Federation of Trade Unions Free Trade Confederation of Latvia General Confede ration of Lebanese Workers Congress of Lesotho Trade Unions Lesotho Congress of Democratic Unions Lesotho Trade Union Congress Liberian Federation of Labour Unions National Trade Unions Federation Liechtenstein Employees Association Lithuanian Labour Federation Lithuanian Trade Union Solidarity Lithuanian Trade Union Confederation Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Luxembourg General Civil Service Confederation (CGFP) Luxembourg Association of Bank and damages Employees (ALEBA) Luxembourg Confederation of Christian Trade Unions (LCGB) Luxembourg Confederation of Independent Trade Unions (OGBL) Republic of Macedonia Confederation of Free Trade Unions Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia Union of Independent Autonomous Trade Unions Christian Confederation ofMalagasy Trade Unions Confederation of Malagasy Workers United Autonomous Unions of Madagascar Malawi Congress of Trade Unions Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civi l Services Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Malaysian Trades Union Congress National Council of Unions of the Industrial and Lower Income concourse of Government Workers Mali Malta National Workers Union of Mali Workers Trade Union Confederation of Mali Forum of Maltese Trade Unions For. U. M. confederation Confederation of Malta Trade Unions General Workers Union (Malta) Malta Workers Union Malta Union of Teachers Malta Union of Midwives and Nurses COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Mauritania Free Confederation of Mauritanian Workers General Confederation of Mauritanian Workers Union of Mauritanian Workers Federation of Civil Service Unions Federation of Progressive Unions Mauritius Labour Congress Mauritius Trade Union Congress National Trade Unions Confederation Organization of Artisans Unity Local Authorities Employees Union Confederation of Independent Trade Union Confederation of Mexican Workers CTM General Confederation of Workers (Mexico) CGT Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers CROM Sindicato unico de Trabajadores Electricistas de la Republica Mexicana SUTERM National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic SNTMMSRM Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de Autotransportes Urbanos de Pasajeros, Ruta 100 Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de la Industria Nuclear SUTIN Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores de la Musica del D. F. SUTM Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores del Banco de Mexico Sindicato Unico de Trabajadores del Gobierno del Distrito national Sindicato Unico Nacional de Trabajadores de Telecomunicaciones de Mexico (TELECOMM) AND MANY more Mauritius Mexico COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Confederation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Moldova Union of Monaco Trade Unions Confederation of Mongolian Trade Unions Democratic Confederation of Labour (Morocco) Democratic Federation of Labour General Union of Maroc Workers Moroccan Workers Union National Labour Union of Morocc o The Moroccan Morracas Union Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Mozambique Workers Organization Federation of Trade Unions of Burma Seafarers Union of Burma National Union of Namibian Workers Trade Union Congress of Namibia All Nepal Trade Union Federation- ANTUF Confederation of Nepalese Professionals-CoNEP Federation of Nepalese Progressive Trade UnionsFENEPT General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions-GEFONT Nepal Trade Union Congress-IndependentNTUC-I Nepal Trade Union Federation-NTUF National Democratic Confederation of Nepalese Trade Union-IndependentNDCONT-I COUNTRY Netherlands LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging (FNV) Christelijk Nationaal Vakverbond (CNV) CNV Public Vak of importe Voor Middengroepen en Hoger Personeel (MHP) Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen Nederlandse Vereniging van Luchtvaart Technici Algemene Bond voor Casinopersoneel (Vakbond ABC) Bonaire Federation of Labour Central General di Trahadonan di Corsow Trade Union Ce ntre of curacao Windward Islands Federation of Labour overbold Zealand Council of Trade Unions (NZCTU) New Zealand Air Line Pilots Association (APA) Alloy Yachts Employees Federation Amalgamated Workers Union of New Zealand Clothing, Laundry and Allied Workers Union of Aotearoa Corrections Association of New Zealand (CANZ) usance Of? cers Association of New Zealand New Zealand Dairy Workers Union (DWU) Finance and teaching Workers Union (Finsec) Firestone Employees Society Flight Attendants and Related Services Association (FARSA) Furniture, Manufacturing &038 Associated Workers Union Postal Workers Association (PWA) Postal Workers Union (PWU) AND MANY more Netherlands Antilles New Zealand COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Nicaragua Confederation of Labour Uni? cation Nicaraguan Workers Centre Sandinista Workers Centre Ulster Teachers Union (UTU) NorwegianConfederation of Trade Unions (LO) EL &038 IT Forbundet Norwegian Union of Chemical Industry W orkers Norwegian Civil Service Union Norwegian Post and Communications Union Norwegian Seafarers Union (Norsk Sjomannsforbund) Norwegian Union of Food, Beverage and Allied Workers Norwegian Union of General Workers Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees Union of Employees in Commerce and Of? ces United Federation of Trade Unions Northern Ireland Norway Confederation of Unions for Professionals, Norway Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations NITO Democratic Confederation of Workers of Niger General Union of Workers of Niger Nigerien Confederation of Labour Union of Workers Trade Unions of Niger Niger OmanTrade unions are illegal in Oman, but the World Federation of Trade Unions recognizes one exile organizationthe National Committee of Omani Workers. COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Pakistan All Pakistan Federation of Labour All Pakistan Federation of Trade Unions All Pakistan Federation of United Trade Unions All Pakistan Trade Union Congress All Pak istan Trade Union Federation Pakistan National Federation of Trade Unions Pakistan Workers Federation Muttahida Labour Federation Pakistan Pakistan Brick Kiln Labour Union Central National de Trabajadores de Panama Confederation of Workers of the Republic of Panama Convergencia Sindical General Confederation of Workers of Panama SUNTRACSPapua New Guinea Trade Union Congress Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (Paraguay) Confederacion Paraguaya de Trabajadores National Workers Central (Paraguay) Central Autonoma de Trabajadores del Peru Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru Confederacion Unitaria de Trabajadores del Peru Confederacion de Trabajadores del Peru Federation of Free Workers May first gear Labour driveway Centre Trade Union Congress of the Philippines All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions (OPZZ) August80 (WZZ Sierpien80) Solidarity Independent Self-Governing Trade Union (NSZZ Solidarnosc) Trade Unions Forum (FZZ) Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Phi lippines Poland COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Portugal General Confederation of Labour (Portugal) General Confederation of the Lusitanian Workers General Union of Workers (Portugal) Union of Independent Trade Unions (Portugal) General Confederation of Workers (Puerto Rico) Teachers Federation of Puerto Rico Democratic Trade Union Confederation of Romania National Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Romania Brotherhood National Trade Union Bloc National Trade Union Confederation (Romania) National Trade Union Confederation Meridian All-Russian Confederation of Labour Confederation of Labour of Russia (www. ktr. u) Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia Trade Union Centre of Workers of Rwanda Union of Workers in Industry, Garages, Construction Firms, Mines and Printers Puerto Rico Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia St. Kitts and Nevis Trades and Labour Union National Workers Union (Saint Lucia) Saint Lucia Teachers Union SL TU (www. stluciateachersunion. com) Saint Lucia Workers Union Commercial, skillful and Allied Workers Union National Labour Congress National Workers Movement (St. Vincent) St. Vincent and the Grenadines Public Service Union Saint Vincent and the grenadines COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONSSamoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Samoa Public Service Association Samoa Trade Union Congress Democratic Confederation of San Marino Workers San Marino Confederation of Labour General Union of the Workers of Sao Tome and Principe National Organization of the Workers of Sao Tome and Principe Central Union Senegal Dakar Dem Dikk Workers Democratic Union Democratic Union of Senegalese Workers National Confederation of Senegalese Workers National Union of Autonomous Trade Unions of Senegal Confederation of Autonomous Trade Unions of Serbia ???? (www. sindikat. rs) Serbia United Branch Trade Unions Independence (www. ezavisnost. org) Postmans Trade Union SD(www. sdpostar. com) Seych elles Federation of Workers Unions Seychelles Workers Union Sierra Leone Confederation of Trade Unions Sierra Leone Labour Congress National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) Confederation of Trade Unions of the Slovak Republic Independent Christian Trade Unions of Slovakia Association of Free Trade Unions of Slovenia Confederation of New Trade Unions of Slovenia Confederation of Trade Unions of Slovenia Pergam Trade Union Confederation 90 of Slovenia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Solomon Islands South Africa Solomon Islands Council of Trade Unions Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers Union Communication Workers Union (South Africa) Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa Food and Allied Workers Union Musicians Union of South Africa National Education, Health and Allied Workers Union National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa) Performing Arts Workers Equity law and Prisons Civil Rights Union SASBO The Finance Union South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union South African Democratic Nurses Union South African Democratic Teachers Union South African Football Players Union South African Medical Association Confederation of South African Workers Unions Federation of Unions of South Africa Health &038 Other Services Personnel Trade Union of South Africa Independent Municipal &038 Allied Trade Union Public Servants Association of South Africa United Association of South Africa National Council of Trade Unions COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS South Korea Federation of Korean Trade Unions Korean Confederation of Trade Unions Korean Teachers &038 Education Workers Union phithi trade union for youth development Spain Workers Commissions (Comisiones Obreras) (CCOO) (www. cc oo. s) Union General de Trabajadores (UGT) (www. ugt. es) Confederacion General del Trabajo (CGT) (www. cgt. es) Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) (www. cnt. es) Confederacion Intersindical genus Galega (CIG) (5) Agrarian Trade Union Federation Basque Workers Solidarity Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak Spanish Trade Union Organisation Typographic Workers Trade Union Workers Collectives Workers in Struggle Collectives All Ceylon United Motor Workers? Union Ceylon Federation of Labour Ceylon Federation of Union GCSU Sri Lanka United Corporations and Mercantile Union Ceylon Electricity Board Engineer? s Union Sudanese Workers? Trade Union FederationSri Lanka Sudan COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Suriname Federation of Civil Service Organizations General Alliance of Labour Unions in Suriname Organization of Cooperating Autonomous Trade Unions Progressive Labour Federation 47 Swaziland Federation of Trade Unions Swedish Confederation of Professio nal Employees Financial Sector Union of Sweden Swedish Association of Health Professionals Swedish Police Union Swedish Teachers Union Swedish Union of Civil Servants Swedish Union of Clerical and Technical Employees in Industry Swedish Union of Commercial Salaried Employees Swedish Trade Union Confederation(www. lo. e) Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden National Socialist Industrial Workers Union Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations AND MORE IF Metall Swedish Building Maintenance Workers Union Swedish Building Workers Union Swedish Commercial Employees Union Swedish Electricians Union Swedish Food Workers Union Swedish Forest and Wood Workers Union Swedish Hotel and Restaurant Workers Union Swedish Industrial Union Swaziland Sweden COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Switzerland Swiss Federation of Trade Unions (Schweizerischer Gewerkschaftbund)(SGB) (www. sgb. ch) syndikat Die Online Gewerkschaft (syndikat. ch) Travail.Suisse General F ederation of Trade Unions (Syria) Chinese Federation of Labour Taiwan Confederation of Trade Unions Tajikistan Federation of Trade Unions Trade Union Congress of Tanzania Zanzibar Trade Union Congress Labour Congress of Thailand National Congress of Thai Labour Thai Trade Union Congress National Confederation of Togolese Workers National Union of Independent Trade Unions of Togo Trade Union Confederation of Togolese Workers Togo Pogo rag Union Friendly Islands Teachers Association Tonga Nurses Association Tonga Conga Line Association Tunisian General Labour Union Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkey Irwinian Federation of Day laborers Confederation of Revolutionary Trade Unions of Turkey Confederation of Public Workers Unions Confederation of Turkish Real Trade Unions Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions National Centre of Trade Unions of Turkmenistan Tuvalu Overseas Seamens Union Turkmenistan Tuvalu COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Trinidad and Tobago Current Unions Airline Superintendents Association All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers Trade Union Airline Superintendents Association Amalgamated Workers Union Association of Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Staff Aviation, Communication and Allied Workers Union Banking, Insurance and General Workers Union Communication, Transport and General Workers Union Communication Workers Union Contractors and General Workers Trade Union Customs and Excise Extra Guards Association Electronic Media Union of Trinidad and Tobago Emperor Valley Zoo Estate Police Association AND MANY MOREHistorical Unions All Trinidad Sugar Estates and grind Workers Union Amalgamated Engineering and General Workers Trade Union Bank and General Workers Union Bank Employees Union British Colonial Taxpayers and All Workers Union Civil Service Association Communication Services and General Workers Trade Union Public Works and Public Service Workers Trade Union Staff Association of Barclays Bank of Trinidad and Tobago Limited AND MANY MORE COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS Uganda National Organization of Trade Unions, Central Organisation of Free Trade Unions, Uganda (COFTU) Ukraine Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Ukraine Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine National Confederation of the Trade-Union Organizations of Ukraine Uruguay Uzbekistan USSR Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores Convencion Nacional de Trabajadores Federation of Trade Unions of Uzbekistan Soviet trade unions Vanuatu Council of Trade Unions Association of Vatican Lay Workers Confederacion de Trabajadores de Venezuela Movimiento Nacional de Trabajadores Para La Liberacion Union Nacional de Trabajadores de Venezuela Vietnamese General Confederation of Labour General Workers Union of Saguia el-Hamra and Rio de Oro Vietnam Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Yemeni Confederation of Labor Unions Federation of Free Trade Unions of Zambia Zambia Congress of Trade Unions African Trade Union Congress Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS United Kingdom General Federation of Trade Unions (UK) Trades Union Congress (TUC) Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC) Current Unions ACCORD approach shot (www. advance-union. org) Aegis The Aegon UK Staff Association Alliance for Finance Aspect (www. aspect. org. uk)Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen ASLEF Bakers, Food and Allied Workers Union BFAWU (www. bfawu. org. uk) Balfour Beatty Group Staff Association Belfast Airport Police Association Boots Pharmacists Association BPA Britannia Staff Union BSU (www. britanniasu. org. uk) British Air Line Pilots Association BALPA (www. balpa. org. uk) British Association of fossa Management BACT TEAM (www. bacmteam. org. uk) British Association of Dental Nurses BADN (6) British Association of Journalists BAJ (www. bajunion. org. uk/) British Association of Occupational Therapists BAOT Retired Of? cers Association Royal College of Midwives RCM University and College Union UCU (www. ucu. org. uk) articulatio (www. voicetheunion. org. k/) Warwick International Staff Association AND MANY MORE COUNTRY LIST OF TRADE UNIONS United States AFL-CIO (The American Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations) Air Line Pilots Association ALPA Amalgamated Transit Union ATU American Federation of Government Employees AFGE American Federation of Musicians American Federation of School Administrators AFSA American Train Dispatchers Department ATDD Associated Actors and Artistes of America (4As) Actors Equity Association AEA American Guild of Musical Artists AGMA American Guild of Variety Artists AGVA The Guild of Italian American Actors GIAA Screen Actors Guild SAG AND MANY MORE The Change to Win Federation) International Brotherhood of Teamsters IBT Service Employees International Union SEIU Independent Aircraf t Mechanics Fraternal Association AMFA Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions Directors Guild of America DGA Dramatists Guild of America Jockeys Guild Workers United Recruiting UNITE hither AND MANY MORE Union Reform Groups Labor Notes Short Circuits IBEW local anesthetic reformers Teamsters for a Democratic Union TDU AND MANY MORE The trade unionism in India developed quite slowly as compared to the western nations. Indian trade union transaction can be divided into one-third phases. The first phase (1850-1900) During this phase the inception of trade unions took place.During this period, the working and dungeon conditions of the labor were wretched and their working hours were long. Capitalists were only interested in their productiveness and profitability. In addition, the wages were also low and general economic conditions were poor in industries. In order to regulate the working hours and other serve conditions of the Indian textile laborers, the Indian Factories Act was enacted in 1881. As a result, employment of child labor was prohibited. The growth of trade union battlefront was slow in this phase and later on the Indian Factory Act of 1881 was amended in 1891. Many strikes took place in the two decades follo backstage 1880 in all industrial cities.These strikes taught workers to netherstand the power of united action even though there was no union in real terms. Small associations like Bombay Mill-Hands Association came up by this time. The countenance phase (1900 to 1946) This phase was characterized by the development of organized trade unions and political movements of the working class. Between 1918 and 1923, many unions came into existence in the country. At Ahmedabad, down the stairs the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi, occupational unions like spinners unions and weavers unions were formed. A strike was launched by these unions under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi who turned it into a satyagrah.These unions federated into industrial union known as Textile Labor Association in 1920. In 1920, the First National Trade union organization (The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)) was established. Many of the leaders of this organization were leaders of the national Movement. In 1926, Trade union law came up with the efforts of Mr. N N Joshi that became working from 1927. During 1928, All India Trade Union Federation (AITUF) was formed. The third phase began with the return of independent India (in 1947). The partition of country affected the trade union movement particularly Bengal and Punjab. By 1949, four central trade union organizations were function in the country 1. The All India Trade Union Congress, 2.The Indian National Trade Union Congress, 3. The Hindu Mazdoor Sangh, and 4. The United Trade Union Congress The working class movement was also politicized along the lines of political parties. For font Indian national trade Union Congress (INTUC) is the trade union arm of the Congress companionship. The AITUC is the trade union arm of the Communist ships company of India. Besides workers, white-collar employees, supervisors and managers are also organized by the trade unions, as for example in the Banking, Insurance and Petroleum industries. TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA The Indian workforce consists of 430 million workers, maturation 2% annually. The Indian labor markets consist of three sectors 1.The rural workers, who constitute about 60 per cent of the workforce. 2. Organized sector, which employs 8 per cent of workforce, and 3. The urban in testicle sector (which includes the growing software industry and other services, not included in the formal sector) which constitutes the rest 32 per cent of the workforce. TRADE UNIONS IN INDIA In India the Trade Union movement is generally divided on political lines. accord to tentative statistics from the Ministry of Labour, trade unions had a combined social station of 24,601,589 in 2002. As of 2008, there are 11 Central Trade Union Organizations (CTUO) accept by the Ministry of Labour.RECOGNIZED CTUO? s 1. All India Central Council of Trade Unions (Communist Party of India (MarxistLeninist) Liberation) 2. All India Trade Union Congress (Communist Party of India) 3. All India United Trade Union Centre (Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)) 4. Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) 5. Indian National Trade Union Congress (Indian National Congress) 6. Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress (All India Trinamool Congress) 7. Centre for Indian Trade Unions (Communist Party of India (Marxist)) 8. Hind Mazdoor Sabha (socialists) 9. Labour Progressive Federation (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam) 10. SEWA 11.Trade Union Coordination Committee (All India Forward Bloc) 12. United Trade Union Congress (Revolutionary Socialist Party) ALL INDIA CENTRAL COUNCIL OF TRADE UNIONS All India Central Council of Trade Unions, a central trade union federation in India. AICCTU is politically attached to Comm unist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation. According to doubtful statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AICCTU had a social rank of 639 962 in 2002 ALL INDIA TRADE UNION sex act (AITUC) All India Trade Union Congress Founded 1920 Members 2,677,979 (2002) Country India Af? liation WFTU break Gurudas Dasgupta, general people Of? ce location secretary Delhi, IndiaThe All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) is the oldest trade union federations in India and one of the ? ve largest. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, AITUC had a rank and file of 2,677,979 in 2002. It was founded on 31 October 1920 in Bombay by Lala Lajpat Rai and a few others and, until 1945 when unions became organised on party lines, it was the primary trade union organisation in India. Since then it has been associated with the Communist Party of India. AITUC is governed by a body headed by General Secretary Gurudas Dasgupta, a politician af? liated with Communist Party of India. AITUC is a founder member of the World Federation of Trade Unions.ALL INDIA UNITED TRADE UNION content The All India United Trade Union Centre (AIUTUC), formerly known as UTUC-LS, is a Central Trade Union Organisation in India and the labour wing of the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist). Presently its activities are spread over 19 states. The organisation claims to have 600 af? liated unions, comprising an individual membership of over two million. It is the 6th largest trade union in India. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, UTUC-LS had a membership of 1,368,535 in 2002. BHARATIYA MAZDOOR SANGH (BMS) Indian Workers Union Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Founded July 23, 1955 Members 6. million (2002) Country India Af? liation Independent Key people Girish Awasthi, chairperson Of? ce location New Delhi, India Website www. bms. org. in The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (Indian Workers Union) is the largest central trade union organization in Indi a. It was founded by Dattopantji Thengdi on July 23, 1955, which also happens to the birthday of Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The BMS itself claims to have over 8. 3 million members. At present it is estimated around 5860 unions are af? liated to the BMS. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, the BMS had a membership of 6215797 in 2002. It can also be famed that the BMS is not af? iated to any International Trade Union Confederation. Girish Awasthi is the current president of the organization, and Mr. Lakshma Reddy its General Secretary. Indian NATIONAL TRADE UNION CONGRESS Indian National Trade Union Congress Founded May 3, 1947 Members 3. 8 million (2002) Country India Af? liation ITUC Key G. Sanjeeva Reddy, President Rajendra people Of? ce location Website Prasad Singh, General Secretary. 4, Bhai Veer Singh Marg, New Delhi Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) is the trade union wing of the Indian National Congress. It was founded May 3, 1947, and is af? liated with the International Trade Union Confederation.According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, INTUC had a membership of 3892011 in 2002. INDIAN NATIONAL TRADE UNION CONGRESS Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress Country India Key Shovan Deb people Chattopadhyay, All India President Purnendu Bose, West Bengal State President Indian National Trinamool Trade Union Congress is a trade union organisation of India politically associated with All India Trinamool Congress. CENTRE OF INDIAN TRADE UNIONS (CITU) Centre of Indian Trade Unions Founded 1970 Members 3. 2 million Country India Key people M K Pandhe, President Of? ce location New Delhi, India Website www. citucentre. orgCentre of Indian Trade Unions (Hindi ?????? (? ?*+??? -. /), CITU is a National take aim Trade Union in India politically attached to the Communist Party of India (Marxist). The Centre of Indian Trade Unions is today one of biggest assembly of workers and classes of India. I t has backbreaking unchallangeable presence in the Indian states of West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura besides a strong presence in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It has presence in almost all of the Indian states. According to the provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, CITU had a membership of 3,222,532 in 2002. Chittabrata Majumdar was the General Secretary of CITU from 2003-2007. 2th Conference (held in January 2007) of CITU re-elected him as its General Secretary. But he died on 20 February 2007. The General Council of CITU met on 17 May 2007 and elected Mohammed Amin as its new General Secretary. HIND MAZDOOR KISAN PANCHAYAT (HMKP) Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat (India Workers Peasants Council), is a national trade union confederation in India. Its national president is George Fernandes. HIND MAZDOOR SABHA (HMS) Founded Members Country Af? liation Key people Hind Mazdoor Sabha declination 29, 1948 3. 3 million India ITUC Manohar Kotwal, president Umraomal Purohit, general secretary New Delhi, India members. rediff. com/hms/ Of? e location Website The Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS, a Hindi name with approximate meat Workers accumulation of India) is a national trade union center in India. LABOUR PROGRESSIVE FEDERATION Labour Progressive Federation, trade union federation in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The LPF is politically attached to Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, LPF had a membership of 611,506 in 2002. The president of LPF is C. Kuppusamy. Telecom Employees Progressive Union is an af? liate of Labour Progressive Federation. The Union is short called TEPU that represents BSNL workers of India.The website of the union is tepuchq. org SELF-EMPLOYED WOMENS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA (SEWA) The Self-Employed Womens Association of India (SEWA) is a trade union for poor, self-employed women workers in India. SEWA was founded in 1972 by the noted Gandhian and civil rights le ader Dr Ela Bhatt. SEWAs main of? ce is located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, and it works in several states of India. SEWA had a membership of 966,139 in the division 2008. SEWA members are women who earn a living through their own labour or small businesses. They do not obtain regular compensable employment with welfare bene? ts like workers in the organized sector. They are the unsafe labour force of India.Constituting 93% of the labour force, these are workers of the unorganized sector. Of the female labour force in India, more than 94% are in the unorganized sector. However their work is not counted and hence remains invisible. SEWA is potently supported by the World Bank which holds it out as a model to be replicated elsewhere. TRADE UNION COORDINATION COMMITTEE (TUCC) Trade Union Coordination Committee, a central trade union federation in India. TUCC is politically attached to All India Forward Bloc. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, TUCC had a me mbership of 732760 in 2002. The general secretary is Nripendra Kumar Mahto.Krishi Shramik Union (Agricultural Labour Union) is af? liated to TUCC. In Pune, the ammunition Factory Khadki (AFK) Employees Union and the Dehu Road Ordnance Factory Employees Union are af? liated to TUCC. UNITED TRADE UNION CONGRESS United Trade Union Congress Founded 1949 Members 383 946 (2002) Country India Key people Abani Roy, general secretary Of? ce location Kolkata, India United Trade Union Congress is a central trade union organisation in India. UTUC is politically tied to Revolutionary Socialist Party. Abani Roy is the general secretary of UTUC. According to provisional statistics from the Ministry of Labour, UTUC had a membership of 383 946 in 2002. UTUC was founded at an All India Labour Conference in Calcutta, May 1, 1949. The founding president was professor K. T. Shah, a member of the Constituent Assembly from Bombay, and the founding general secretary was Mrinal Kanti Bose, a former AITUC president from Bengal. At the time of its foundation, Bose claimed that the organisation consisted of 236 unions with a combined membership of 347 428. Initially, UTUC pro? led itself as an independent trade union centre, organising members of different leftwing factions. In 1953 the representative Labour Minister of India, Abid Ali, estimated the UTUC membership at 384 962. At the time UTUC had 332 af? liated unions

Funding for Emergency Operations

reinforcement for pinch Operations Jenalyn L. Brock EMC/330 March 19, 2013 Robert E. Wynne Funding for tinge Operations administration reinforcement for emergency medical checkup answers (EMS) trading operations and provision comes from umpteen divers(prenominal) resources. Government excessively oversees wince options for mount Medicaid, Medic atomic number 18, restitution policy, and orphic suppliers. The Taylor Ambulance club in the University of Phoenix scenario has its own stuff with the city of Kelsey. This wince should tint some meet some everyday take principles. Emergency managers urgency to understand the effect that principle has on financial backing and operations.Government Options for Funding EMS operations and training gain vigor sustenance from the public and fee-for- dish reimbursement (Brennan, 2006, p. 93). How an EMS organisation is configured determines how the EMS function argon funded. Tradition all(prenominal)y, private EMS prov iders rely on fee-for-service keep, age public service providers rely on public funding. According to Brennan (2006), both providers are accusation for serve and private EMS companies are more than and more dependent on public funding. In 1966, the National High means safe subprogram get tod a appointment program that provided funding for equipment and military unit.In order to receive money for grants, EMS organizations shoot to write grant proposals to the government. In the grant proposals, managers contribute to explain hardly how the funds provide be used, who forget upbeat from the funds, and prove that they forget not abuse the funds (FEMA, 2012). Local organizations excessively see tax revenue from funding alternatives such as taxes, user fees, fines, forfeitures, citations, initiative funds, utility rates, sales of organizational assets, benefit assessments, and borrowing revenue (FEMA, 2012). These funding alternatives are acquired with with(predic ate) government processes.In 1973, Congress passed the Emergency medical exam Systems Act that provided outlying(prenominal)ther focus and funding for EMS systems (Brennan, 2006, p. 94). Private EMS organizations like Ameri slew Medical Response and hoidenish/Metro Corporation are mostly support by user fees, unless they are tolerants subvented by Medicare or Medicaid. each(prenominal) of these government funding choices has its own implications and comes with restraints, as in restricting the way the money is used. pact Options for Funding EMS organizations besides be in possession of their hale options for funding.According to the C inserts for Medicare and Medicaid go (2013), they developed a fee schedule for ambulance services, in order to tolerate costs. This schedule is create verbally into a contract. Many patients that are conveyance of titleed by ambulance are Medicare beneficiaries. The government will only reimburse the companies for services rendered durin g transport, unless contraindicated by the patients medical condition. thither are codes associated with treatment that either supersede or accessory ICD-9 codes. The fee schedule also corresponds with BLS and ALS levels of care, military rank treatment from fashion to complex (Brennan, 2012).Private insurance companies like Blue grouchy Blue block out include ambulance services for their patients when another(prenominal) transportation would otherwise harm the patient. Cities and hospitals create contract agreements with private ambulance companies for services. Taylor Ambulance companion Service Contracts in general in contract writing, there are six basic contract elements (The Law Handbook, 2010). The showtime is that both parties essential have the capacity to enter a contract. on that point must be an offer and then acceptance. There needs to be intention to create legal relations. Considerations are make regarding as far as the value of what is being exchanged.Th ere is also affection for what will slip away if the other party fails to follow through with their subdivision of the contract. The considerations must not be illegal in nature, or the contract is not valid. The Taylor Ambulance go with has a General operate Agreement with the urban center of Kelsey. The two parties are capable of entering the contract. The contract clearly states that both parties agree that Taylor Ambulance Services will provide emergency transport for the city, through 911-dispatch. The contract also clearly states that Taylor Ambulance friendship will provide fitly expert personnel and its own equipment.The contract also delineates how many ambulances will be running, staffed, and stocked with during the contract. It also identifies Taylor Ambulance phoner as the primary provider of emergency transport services for the metropolis of Kelsey. The ambulances must be in good working order and staff must be trained according to all applicable laws. The con tract states exactly how much Taylor Ambulance Company will be paid for each patient that it transports. The total of $829. 40 will be the price. For the rest of the costs associated with the transport, like medical supplies, blankets, and other equipment, must be provided by Taylor Ambulance Company.At the end of each month, Taylor Ambulance Company must total the ambulance transports. The city of Kelsey will send them an accounting report and Taylor Ambulance Company must extol the statement. If both parties still disagree, they will seek further counsel. These elements of the contract cover the consideration elements of a contract. The contract has an exact fit and stop time, and is sign(a) by the Mayor of the city of Kelsey and the Owner of Taylor Ambulance Company. gear up of Legislation on Funding and Operations Federal and local legislation atomic number 50 have significant effects on funding and operations.Depending on the type of organization, it could be dependent o n Federal funding. Mercer (2013) reported that the confederation Dakota state Senate rejected an attempt to change financial agreements betwixt insurance companies and ambulance services. A Senator treasured to allow ambulance services to be paid this instant by insurance providers, as opposed to sending checks to patients. There are times when the ambulance companies were not receiving payments. The interruption in the payment cycle can have a direct effect on the companys funding and operations. On a Federal level, financial stability can have a great overall impact on ambulance companies.Fortunately, in January 2013, President Obama sign-language(a) the National Defense Authorization Act. It reauthorized the apprize and SAFER grant programs and called to reform the customary Safety Officers Benefits Program. The act also extends Medicare bonus payments for ambulance services. Ambulance companies will receive an especial(a) two percentage for urban transports, three perce nt for rural transports, and 22. 6% for super-rural transports (Fire Chief, 2013). Conclusion Government funding for EMS operations and training comes from several different resources. Ambulance companies rely on both public and private funding.Government also oversees contract options for Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service providers like Medicaid and Medicare. Insurance companies and private providers also adhere to contracts. The Taylor Ambulance Company in the University of Phoenix scenario has its own contract with the City of Kelsey. This contract meets the general contract principles and clearly outlines the terms of the deal between Taylor Ambulance Company and the City of Kelsey. Emergency managers who understand legislation and how it effects funding will be able to anticipate changes and effectively manage their organizations. References Brennan, J.A. (2006). Principles of EMS systems. (3rd ed. ). Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Serv ices. (2013). monetary alignment initiatives. Retrieved from http//www. cms. gov/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination/Medicare-and-Medicaid- Coordination/Medicare-Medicaid-CoordinationOffice/ FinancialModelstoSupportStatesEffortsinCareCoordination. hypertext markup language FEMA. (2012). Funding alternatives for emergency medical and fire services. Retrieved from http//www. usfa. fema. gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa_331. pdf Fire Chief. (2013). Obama signs bills to re-fund USFA, FIRE grants, extend Medicare ambulance payments.Retrieved from http//firechief. com/legislation-amp regulations/obama-signs-bills-re-fund-usfa-fire-grants-extend-medicare-ambulance-pa Mercer. (2013). Rapid City Journal. Senate blocks changes to ambulance service payments. Retrieved from http//rapidcityjournal. com/news/senate-blocks-changes-to-ambulance-service-payments/article_880d2ee4-ef1f-54dd-a98a-0c6e81ef95e7. html National Highway Transportation and Safety Administration. (1996). Emergency medical servic es agenda for the future. Retrieved from http//www. nremt. org/nremt/ downloads/EMS%20Agenda%20for%20the%20Future. pdfFunding for Emergency OperationsFunding for Emergency Operations Jenalyn L. Brock EMC/330 March 19, 2013 Robert E. Wynne Funding for Emergency Operations Government funding for emergency medical services (EMS) operations and training comes from many different resources. Government also oversees contract options for funding Medicaid, Medicare, insurance, and private providers. The Taylor Ambulance Company in the University of Phoenix scenario has its own contract with the City of Kelsey. This contract should meet some meet some general contract principles. Emergency managers need to understand the effect that legislation has on funding and operations.Government Options for Funding EMS operations and training receive funding from the public and fee-for-service reimbursement (Brennan, 2006, p. 93). How an EMS organization is configured determines how the EMS services ar e funded. Traditionally, private EMS providers rely on fee-for-service funding, while public service providers rely on public funding. According to Brennan (2006), both providers are billing for services and private EMS companies are more and more dependent on public funding. In 1966, the National Highway Safety Act created a grant program that provided funding for equipment and personnel.In order to receive money for grants, EMS organizations have to write grant proposals to the government. In the grant proposals, managers have to explain exactly how the funds will be used, who will benefit from the funds, and prove that they will not abuse the funds (FEMA, 2012). Local organizations also see revenue from funding alternatives such as taxes, user fees, fines, forfeitures, citations, enterprise funds, utility rates, sales of organizational assets, benefit assessments, and borrowing revenue (FEMA, 2012). These funding alternatives are acquired through government processes.In 1973, Con gress passed the Emergency Medical Systems Act that provided further guidance and funding for EMS systems (Brennan, 2006, p. 94). Private EMS organizations like American Medical Response and Rural/Metro Corporation are mostly supported by user fees, unless they are patients covered by Medicare or Medicaid. Each of these government funding choices has its own implications and comes with restraints, as in restricting the way the money is used. Contract Options for Funding EMS organizations also have their contract options for funding.According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (2013), they developed a fee schedule for ambulance services, in order to contain costs. This schedule is written into a contract. Many patients that are transported by ambulance are Medicare beneficiaries. The government will only reimburse the companies for services rendered during transport, unless contraindicated by the patients medical condition. There are codes associated with treatment tha t either replace or supplement ICD-9 codes. The fee schedule also corresponds with BLS and ALS levels of care, rating treatment from routine to complex (Brennan, 2012).Private insurance companies like Blue Cross Blue Shield include ambulance services for their patients when other transportation would otherwise harm the patient. Cities and hospitals create contract agreements with private ambulance companies for services. Taylor Ambulance Company Service Contracts Generally in contract writing, there are six basic contract elements (The Law Handbook, 2010). The first is that both parties must have the capacity to enter a contract. There must be an offer and then acceptance. There needs to be intention to create legal relations. Considerations are made regarding as far as the value of what is being exchanged.There is also consideration for what will happen if the other party fails to follow through with their portion of the contract. The considerations must not be illegal in nature, o r the contract is not valid. The Taylor Ambulance Company has a General Services Agreement with the City of Kelsey. The two parties are capable of entering the contract. The contract clearly states that both parties agree that Taylor Ambulance Services will provide emergency transport for the city, through 911-dispatch. The contract also clearly states that Taylor Ambulance Company will provide appropriately trained personnel and its own equipment.The contract also delineates how many ambulances will be running, staffed, and stocked during the contract. It also identifies Taylor Ambulance Company as the primary provider of emergency transport services for the City of Kelsey. The ambulances must be in good working order and staff must be trained according to all applicable laws. The contract states exactly how much Taylor Ambulance Company will be paid for each patient that it transports. The total of $829. 40 will be the price. For the rest of the costs associated with the transport , like medical supplies, blankets, and other equipment, must be provided by Taylor Ambulance Company.At the end of each month, Taylor Ambulance Company must total the ambulance transports. The City of Kelsey will send them an accounting report and Taylor Ambulance Company must approve the statement. If both parties still disagree, they will seek further counsel. These elements of the contract cover the consideration elements of a contract. The contract has an exact start and stop time, and is signed by the Mayor of the City of Kelsey and the Owner of Taylor Ambulance Company. Effect of Legislation on Funding and Operations Federal and local legislation can have significant effects on funding and operations.Depending on the type of organization, it could be dependent on Federal funding. Mercer (2013) reported that the South Dakota state Senate rejected an attempt to change financial agreements between insurance companies and ambulance services. A Senator wanted to allow ambulance ser vices to be paid directly by insurance providers, as opposed to sending checks to patients. There are times when the ambulance companies were not receiving payments. The interruption in the payment cycle can have a direct effect on the companys funding and operations. On a Federal level, financial stability can have a great overall impact on ambulance companies.Fortunately, in January 2013, President Obama signed the National Defense Authorization Act. It reauthorized the Fire and SAFER grant programs and called to reform the Public Safety Officers Benefits Program. The act also extends Medicare bonus payments for ambulance services. Ambulance companies will receive an extra two percent for urban transports, three percent for rural transports, and 22. 6% for super-rural transports (Fire Chief, 2013). Conclusion Government funding for EMS operations and training comes from several different resources. Ambulance companies rely on both public and private funding.Government also oversee s contract options for Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Service providers like Medicaid and Medicare. Insurance companies and private providers also adhere to contracts. The Taylor Ambulance Company in the University of Phoenix scenario has its own contract with the City of Kelsey. This contract meets the general contract principles and clearly outlines the terms of the deal between Taylor Ambulance Company and the City of Kelsey. Emergency managers who understand legislation and how it effects funding will be able to anticipate changes and effectively manage their organizations. References Brennan, J.A. (2006). Principles of EMS systems. (3rd ed. ). Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2013). Financial alignment initiatives. Retrieved from http//www. cms. gov/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination/Medicare-and-Medicaid- Coordination/Medicare-Medicaid-CoordinationOffice/ FinancialModelstoSupportStatesEffortsinCareCoordination. html FEMA. (2012). Fundi ng alternatives for emergency medical and fire services. Retrieved from http//www. usfa. fema. gov/downloads/pdf/publications/fa_331. pdf Fire Chief. (2013). Obama signs bills to re-fund USFA, FIRE grants, extend Medicare ambulance payments.Retrieved from http//firechief. com/legislation-amp regulations/obama-signs-bills-re-fund-usfa-fire-grants-extend-medicare-ambulance-pa Mercer. (2013). Rapid City Journal. Senate blocks changes to ambulance service payments. Retrieved from http//rapidcityjournal. com/news/senate-blocks-changes-to-ambulance-service-payments/article_880d2ee4-ef1f-54dd-a98a-0c6e81ef95e7. html National Highway Transportation and Safety Administration. (1996). Emergency medical services agenda for the future. Retrieved from http//www. nremt. org/nremt/ downloads/EMS%20Agenda%20for%20the%20Future. pdf